Qhov ntev 1 tiam computer. Kev loj hlob ntawm computer technology thiab computer tiam

Computerization - ib tug tshwm sim uas yog cai tam sim no, tej zaum, nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov teb chaws ntawm lub ntiaj teb no. Nws nqi yog impressive. Nws yog nthuav rau lw lub tej yam kev mob nyob rau hauv uas nws tau nqa tawm dabneeg. Tau nws yuav hais tau tias lub computerization - qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov kev loj hlob ntawm computers thiab software tso tawm ntawm technology rau lawv? Yuav ua li cas yog lub keeb kwm theem ntawm kev siv technology tshiab txoj kev loj hlob ntawm computers?

Hais tias yog ua ntej computers?

Nws yog nthuav kom nrhiav tau tawm yog dab tsi hom ntawm pab kiag li lawm tau dabneeg preceded lub computer. Yog li, tej zaum nws yuav muab sau tseg tias nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th, lub legendary Fabkis tus paub txog Pascal yees ua, ntseeg tau tias yog thawj ntxiv tshuab, uas ua rau tus neeg kho tshuab paus. Nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 19th caug xyoo British explorer Babbage yees thawj analytical engine. Tom qab ib tug ob peb decades, lub American engineer tsim ib tug Hollerith tabulator - fais tshuab, nrog uas nws twb tau mus laij cov statistics. Tom qab ntawd tsim ntawm cov kev soj nstuam nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia ntawm kev tsim pab kiag li lawm uas yog nyob ze rau qhov computers nyob rau hauv lub niaj hnub kev txiav txim zoo, yog muaj kev koom txuas ntxiv.

Tus thawj computers

Ib tug ntawm lub ntiaj teb no tus thawj lub computer yog invented los ntawm lwm American soj ntsuam W. Bush nyob rau hauv 1930. Lub keeb kwm ntawm lub computer, yog ib tug ua kom tiav cov pab kiag li lawm, muaj ntau zaum suav los ntawm 1944, thaum ib tug American xib fwb Ayknem tsim computer "Malakaus 1". Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, nws yog ib tug ntaus ntawv teej tug mus rau lub computer tiam 1. Yuav ua li cas yog nws cov nta, koj yuav hais? Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, tej zaum, tus tsim qhov ntev. Qhov ntev 1 Tiam computers yeej zoo kawg nkaus. Piv txwv li, "Mark-1" muaj ib tug ntev ntawm txog 15 meters, qhov siab -. Hais txog 2.5 m muaj peev xwm ntawm cov thawj cov computer, los ntawm niaj hnub qauv, yog kuj coj, tab sis nws lub luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm lub computer technology kev lag luam tsis tau overestimated. Nyob rau hauv 1946, US cov tub rog tau tsim ib tug computer "ENIAC". Qhov ntev 1 computer tiam piv txwv ntawm no ntaus ntawv tej zaum yuav zoo li txawm ntau impressive. Khoos phib tawj "ENIAC" muaj ib tug ntev ntawm txog 30 m thiab tiv kev txom nyem 30 tons.

Peb txaus siab, ntawm chav kawm, tsis tsuas yog tus loj ntawm ib tug cim ntawm computers, tab sis tseem muaj lwm cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub duas paub hom tshuab. Xav txog lawv raws li zoo raws li lub tom ntej keeb kwm ntawm ntau computers.

Nta 1 computer tiam

Ua computer 1 raws li cov cim ntawm electron hlab - ib tug ntaus ntawv uas ua hauj lwm los hloov tus kwj ntawm cov hais tsiv los ntawm lub cathode mus rau lub anode. Cov yooj yim hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm coj zog - thermionic emission. Los ntawm thaum pib, computers yog lub tsev nyob rau lub hauv paus ntsiab ntawm logic qhia rau lub tsev ntawm 0 thiab 1. Qhov no tswvyim yog siv kom deb li deb. Yuav ua li cas yog nws ua raws li ib tug lub ntsiab tivthaiv nyob rau hauv ib tug PC siv lub teeb? Heev yooj yim. Inlet twb tsim rau lub teeb voltage, piv txwv li 2 V. Cov zis - tsawg, xws li 1 V. Cov thawj mob twb kaw li lub teeb 1, tus thib ob - raws li 0. ke nrog ntawm cov tej yam kev mob raws li nyob rau hauv plurality ntawm kaum tawm txhiab tus yaj zoo li tus tshuab code.

Tube computers, uas yog, cov neeg uas yuav mus rau ib tiam yuav ua tau txog 20 txhiab. Operations ib ob. Ib tug ntau los yog tsis ntau? Kev sib piv, lub cev rau hnub no tus PCs - billions of operations ib ob. Tab sis qhov yooj yim teeb meem ntawm cov xyoo, xws li nyob rau hauv cov tub rog kheej, thawj tiam ntawm computer yam ntxwv yog heev pub rau ua.

Computers ntawm no hom tsis yus siab ntseeg. Cia li vim hais tias cov teeb hlawv tawm nquag, lawv yuav tsum tau hloov. Hais txog qhov luaj li cas ntawm giant computers, peb tau hais los saum no. Qhov no predetermines lub zoo heev teeb meem nyob rau hauv lawv cov tsheb thauj mus los, nrog rau cov optimization ntawm lawv qhov chaw nyob nyob rau hauv lub tsev. thawj tiam computer nqi yog heev - lawv muaj nyiaj mus yuav xwb loj lag luam thiab tsoom fwv cov koom haum nrog loj pob nyiaj siv. Tsis tas li ntawd raj computers tau yus siab khiav hauj lwm cov nqi - mas nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm lub zog noj. Ua hauj lwm rau lawv demanded nyiam heev tsim nyog cov neeg ua nrog tom ntej kev them nyiaj ntawm lawv cov loj cov nyiaj hli. Ib tug txiv neej uas paub tsawg kawg yog ib tug computer ntaus ntawv, tsis hais tus muaj peev xwm mus kev ib lub computer, yog nrov thiab kim ti teg taw.

Tseem ntawm cov thawj tiam ntawm computers kuj tau hais tias cov cav tov yog muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv tus neeg programming lus. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, ib tug txheej ntawm computer cov lus qhia tau tej yam yooj yim txaus. Raws li xws li, qhov kev pab cuam - nyob rau hauv lub li ib txwm txiav txim zoo - thaum uas siv cov kev tsim nyog hom computer yog tsis siv. Qhov no yog vim tsis tau tsuas yog rau cov coj kev ua tau zoo ntawm koj lub computer, tab sis kuj tsis tshua muaj tech cia li - feem ntau lawv twb punch phaib thiab sib nqus tapes, uas yog kiag li tsis piv nrog li ib txwm ceev lub ntsiab ua peb.

Txawm li cas los, los ntawm tus sau tseg inconveniences engineers pib nquag hloov - mas los ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm ntau yam automation algorithms ua hauj lwm nrog haiv neeg code. Txawm tias cov neeg pluag kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov thawj tiam ntawm computers, cov efficiency ntawm lawv lub lag luam tseem maj mam ua.

Khoos phib tawj Tiam 2

Ntiaj teb lub computer kev lag luam tom qab lub hais inventions tau txuas ntxiv mus tsim sai heev. Tus invention ntawm "Mark-1", "ENIAC" thiab lwm lub tsheb - nws yog nyuam qhuav pib. 2 computer tiam nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 60s. Lawv lub ntsiab feature - lawv yog cov tsis teeb transistors tau siv. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, tshuab productivity nce. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, peb nco ntsoov tias qhov luaj li cas ntawm ib tiam computers twb impressive. Machinery rau transistors, nyob rau hauv lem, ho poob. Yuav ua li cas cuab kom zoo dua muaj pov thawj kev koom tes nyob rau hauv cov qauv ntawm cov yam hauj dlaws computers? Suffice nws hais tias lub transistor 1 muaj peev xwm yuav hloov tau nyob ib ncig ntawm 40 teeb. Paub thiab kuj xov xwm. Tus ntaus ntawv yog tus thib ob tiam ntawm computers yuav koom nrog rau kev siv ntawm ib tug sib nqus disk, kaw cov qauv thiab cov tswvyim rau tus ntaus ntawv, uas yog me ntsis txog rau cov niaj hnub siv.

Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm kev koom tes ntawm cov software ntiaj teb no computer kev lag luam kuj coj ib kauj ruam rau pem hauv ntej, ua tsaug rau lub peevxwm ntawm lub duas paub tshuab hom. Cov lus, teej tug mus rau lub high-theem qeb. Cov tau tsim neeg txhais lus - cov txhais tau tias los ntawm uas lub duas paub algorithms yog txhais mus rau hauv cov lus siv nyob rau hauv lub tshuab computer commands. Peb kuj siv tej ntsiab cai ntawm ua ntej ntawm tej yam computer software scenarios. Peb pib tshwm tsev qiv ntawv daim ntawv thov, ntau yam xyuas systems, uas tau ua lub prototypes ntawm niaj hnub khiav hauj lwm systems.

Txawm li cas los, txawm ib txhia me nyuam los koom ua kev koom tes software algorithms nyob rau hauv txawv cav, sib txawv computers tau tsiag ntawv los ntawm tsawg compatibility. Muab lawv, yog li mus hais lus, mus rau hauv ib tug nkaus xwb network thiab los tsim kom tau rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm nws cov neeg ntaub ntawv system yog qhov nyuaj heev.

Khoos phib tawj Tiam 3

Zaj 3 tiam ntawm computers pib nrog cov cav tov, siv uas pib yuav tsum tau siv kev circuits, txhua tus uas, raws li nws muab tawm, yuav hloov tau txog 1,000 transistors. Cov kev kawm ntawv ntawm computers tau zus ho. Tam sim no koj muaj peev xwm khiav rau ib tug computer ob peb software algorithms ib txhij. Yuav ua li cas yog ASIC? Qhov no siv lead ua los ntawm pob zeb ntais, uas muaj thaj tsam ntawm txog 10 sq. hli. Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm kev ua tau zoo, nws tau raug kwv yees li, nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, ib tug IC yog sib npaug zos rau cov computer "ENIAC". Ntawm cov nto moo tshaj plaws 3-tiam computers - computer uas tsim los ntawm IBM - lub zog 360 lub tshuab.

Computers ntawm no hom tau yus ib tug ntau dua degree ntawm interoperability tshaj lub ntaus ntawv, peb tau sib tham txog saum toj no, xws li cov neeg nyob rau hauv lub software nam. Nyob rau hauv thawj-tiam computers 3 full operating systems tau siv, muaj peev xwm ntawm kev ua tau ntau yam kev pab raws qib ib txhij. Muaj ntau ntawm cov kev kho vajtse nta tau pib pauv mus rau lub software txheej.

COMPUTER 4 tiam

Nyob rau hauv lub 70 xyoo lub thiaj li hu ua loj-scale kev circuits tau muab tso rau hauv loj ntau lawm. Yuav ua li cas hom ntawm cov nta yuav tau muab sau tseg? Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, ib tug uas ua raws li lawv cov kev kawm txog 1000 pa kev circuits. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, lub ntiaj teb no kev lag luam computer muaj lub peev xwm tsim lub ntaus ntawv, qhov luaj li cas thiab kev kawm ntawv piv rau cov neeg uas peb yeej ib txwm mloog rau hnub no.

Los ntawm kev txhim kho cov productivity ntawm lub Hoobkas kab rau zus tau tej cov loj-scale kev circuits thiab lwm yam tseem ceeb computer Cheebtsam, computers maj los ua cheaper. Yog hais tias tus thawj thiab thib ob (nyob rau hauv lub 50s thiab 60s) tiam computers muaj, raws li peb sau tseg saum toj no, feem ntau tsuas rau loj lag luam thiab tsoom fwv lug, lub xyoo 1970 computer tau tau nquag yuav zoo tib yam cov pej xeem.

computerization yam

Computerization tau ua ib tug loj tshwm sim, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nrog lub advent ntawm lub internet nyob rau hauv lub lig 80s. Nws cov nqi twb txawm ntau dynamic dua li tus nqi los ua qis thiab qis pab kiag li lawm - lawv loj. Yog li, tus thawj PC, nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev, thiab hauj qauv zoo li cov uas paub rau peb hnub no, nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-70s thiab thaum ntxov 80s. Cov pab kiag li lawm - IBM PC, uas tau los ua tus tsab ntawm feem ntau xam platform niaj hnub no. Lawv tau ua lub ze tshaj competitor mus rau lub PC uas yog koom ua los ntawm cov kua. Tus thawj xib fwb sib txawv nruab nrab ntawm lawv - nyob rau hauv lub IBM tswvyim ntawm qhib siab dawb paug thiab txav los nyob ze ntawm lub Kua platform. Los ntawm qhov seem yus pom ntawm lub software thiab kho vajtse qauv ntawm cov sib txawv ntawm cov PC hom feem ntau me me. Lub IBM-platform qauv muaj cov nram qab no tseem ceeb yam xws li cov processor, RAM, nyuaj tsav, video thiab daim card suab, motherboard. Txawm li cas los, tej zaum lawv yuav hloov los ntawm lwm tus - raws li ib txoj kev, zoo dua.

Tus tam sim no tiam ntawm computers

Technological cia, uas twb nrhiav tau los ntawm engineers nyob rau hauv lub 70s, tau ceeb heev uas cov kev loj hlob ntxiv ntawm computer ua hauj lwm thiab tshuaj ntsuam piav raws li noj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv tib 4 tiam. Qhov ntawd yog cov niaj hnub high-end PCs ua, nyob rau hauv Feem ntau, cov ntsiab cai raws li tus ntaus ntawv 40 xyoo dhau los. Nyob rau hauv tej yam, xws li, piv txwv li, qhov loj ntawm lub computer, niaj hnub computers twv yuav raug hu pom ntau npaum li cas technologically advanced. Nyob rau hauv ib tug ntaus nrog ib tug me me luaj li cas ntawm ib phau haum xam hwj chim nyob deb tshaj cov neeg uas nyob, piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv thawj lub computer los ntawm cov kua rau 70s.

saab laaj tswv yim

Tab sis conceptually lub PC uas peb siv niaj hnub no, ua los ntawm cov schemes pioneered nyob rau hauv lub computer 4 tiam. Yog tsis muaj tseeb cov txheej xwm, uas yuav cia hais tias, kuj hais lus, tus thawj IBM PC laptop thiab niaj hnub iMac - ib tug computer yog txawv tiam. Performance txawv lug, tiam sis lub tswvyim yog feem ntau tau tib yam.

Nyob rau lub hauv paus ntawm lub platform uas muab los ntawm lub IBM, siv feem ntau ntawm niaj hnub no desktops, laptops, AIO. Los ntawm ntau cov txheej xwm, thiab kuj mobile pab kiag li lawm - smartphones thiab cov ntsiav tshuaj - yog sib xws nrog lub IBM-platform, uas nyob rau hauv lub 70s. Yog li, nyob rau hauv txhua ntawm lawv, raws li nyob rau hauv lub PC, muaj yog ib tug processor, nco, cia ntaus ntawv - ib tug analog ntawm lub hard disk.

Nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau txawm hais tias fundamentally nce kev nplij siab theem siv computers, yog hais tias peb los sib piv hauv thawj 4 tiam ntawm PC designs thiab niaj hnub qauv. Basic computer hardware ntawm lwm yam uas - keyboard, nas - yeej, tsis tau hloov ntau lub xyoo. Muaj, ntawm chav kawm, tag nrho cov hom ntawm kov ntxaij, sib thooj qhia thiab lwm yam kab txawv daws teeb meem. Tab sis tsis yog txhua txhua cov neeg siv yuav mus rau nws txaus zoo.

Paub, ntawm chav kawm, thiab kev daws teeb meem software - lub operating system (nyob rau hauv thawj 4 tiam ntawm computers twb kuaj, tshuaj los ntawm qhov hais kom ua kab kev khiav hauj lwm systems hnub no muaj xws li kev haumxeeb graphical neeg siv interfaces), daim ntawv thov software hom. Tus thawj hom cov kev pab cuam nyob rau hauv lub 70s heev yooj yim nyob rau hauv cov qauv.

Niaj hnub no, nws yog cov haib cov cuab yeej ntawm realization ntawm ntau lawm kev pab raws qib. Yog hais tias peb tham txog kev ua si, qhov txawv yog tseem hnov li cas. Nyob rau hauv lub 70s nws yog ib qho arcade, niaj hnub no lawv tso cai rau yuav ua rau ib tug fascinating immersion rau hauv lub virtual qhov chaw. Txawm li cas los, kev ua si tau raug tsim, cov kev khiav hauj lwm qhov system thiab daim ntawv thov software rau tib algorithms li cov coj kev daws teeb meem nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov xyoo ntawm lub 4 tiam ntawm computer txoj kev loj hlob, feem ntau nyob rau hauv tib programming lus.

Kev sib piv ntawm lub computer tiam

Sim yuav pom tau cov comparative yam ntxwv ntawm lub computer tiam. Yuav ua li cas yuav no yuav ua li cas? Nws yog ib tug yooj yim kev xaiv - ib tug sib piv cov lus ntawm lub computer tiam. Nws yuav sawv cev nyob rau hauv ib tug qauv, ib paab cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub computer tseem ceeb - productivity thiab hauj puag, raws li nyob rau hauv uas suav yog ua.

Cov no yog cov piv cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub computer tiam. Peb pom yuav ua li cas sai tsim computer technology. Computers ntawm txawv tiam - tiag tiag li cov piv txwv ntawm cov emergence thiab kev vam meej kev taw qhia nyob rau hauv zus tau tej cov feem ntau lub thiab high-tech engineering tswv yim - ob qho tag nrho rau cov kev kho vajtse tivthaiv theem, raws li zoo raws li nyob rau hauv software.

Nyob rau hauv ib tes, peb yuav xaus uas computerization - ib tug tshwm sim uas tau tsim maj mam, nrog ib tug correlative nce nyob rau hauv PC kev ua tau zoo, lawv yog pheej yig dua thiab yooj yim dua siv. Tab sis muaj ib tug taw tes ntawm view, nyob rau hauv uas tus txheej txheem nyob rau hauv lo lus nug yog yus muaj los ntawm lub sij hawm ntawm 2, thaum nws twb yeej galloping pace, thiab nws yog tom qab lub tsos ntawm cov computer 4 tiam, thiab tom qab transformation ntawm lub Internet rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no network. Cov ob yam tseem ceeb, thiab los ua, raws li ib txhia soj ntsuam ntawm, tus yuam sij tsav tsheb ntawm computerization.