Protists - qhov no ... Characterization thiab yam ntxwv nta

Thaum xub thawj siab ib muag, nws nkawd hais tias niaj hnub systematics twb pom tias tag nrho cov loj taxa thiab tsis dispute. Tab sis nws tsis yog li ntawd. Koj twb tau hnov txog tej systematic kev sib sau raws li protists? Yog hais tias tsis tau, ces peb tsab xov xwm no yog rau koj.

Keeb kwm ntawm foundations

Protists - ib lub ntsiab uas tau ua ntej nkag tau mus rau hauv science German naturalist Ernst Haeckel. Qhov no tshwm sim nyob rau hauv 1886. Nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm, nws yog twb paub mus rau lub ob kingdoms ntawm qhov: cov nroj tsuag thiab cov tsiaj. Tag nrho lwm cov uas muaj sia nyob tus kawm thiab coj mus rau protists. Tab sis science tsis sawv tseem. Systematics cais tshiab loj nta, tsim taxa. Thiab nyob rau hauv 1969, lub American ecologist Roberg Whittaker piav protists muaj ib tug niaj hnub saib. Los ntawm txoj kev, qhov no tus paub txog hu ua tus sau ntawm lub system "tsib kingdoms." Xws li ib tug kev faib ntawm tag nrho cov nyob yam yog tseem tseem ceeb niaj hnub no.

Cov yam ntxwv ntawm protists

Los ntawm protists yog tag nrho cov kab mob, uas lub cev tsis tsim cov fabrics. Thiab nws tsis muaj nqi ntau npaum li cas lawv tsim hlwb. Tus qauv yog yus muaj los ntawm protists nucleus. Ntawm cov nroj tsuag mus rau qhov no pab pawg neeg algae. Heterotrophic protists uas hais protozoa thiab gribopodobnymi kab mob.

Tus qauv ntawm lub algae

Hauj lwm protists pib nrog rau cov thawj cov nroj tsuag uas nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj chaw - algae. Ntawm lawv yog cov neeg sawv cev ntawm metazoans. Nws chlamydomonas thiab Chlorella. Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias lawv lub cev tag nrho yog sawv cev los ntawm ib tug cell, lawv nqa tawm tag nrho cov txheej txheem ntawm lub neej. Qhov no ua tsis taus pa los ntawm plhaub propelled los ntawm cov flagellum, autotrophic kev noj haus, tu tub tu kiv los mus faib ua ob los yog sporulation. Multicellular algae yog ntau ntau haiv neeg. Nyob rau hauv lawv lub cev lub hlwb yog kev cob cog rua anatomically, tab sis tsis tsim ntaub so ntswg. Tej lug yog hu ua thallus los yog thallus.

heterotrophic protists

Qhov no pab pawg neeg no muaj xws li hom uas yuav tau noj xwb organic xyaw npaj. Heterotrophic protists - yog ib leeg-celled, los yog protozoa. Txawm tias lub npe, lawv cov qauv tseem yog nyuaj heev. Ib qho ntawm feem ntau yog qhov nyuaj cov neeg sawv cev ntawm Paramecium caudatum. Zoo li tag nrho cov tsiaj ntawm lawv nto tsev sawv cev los ntawm cov ntshav membrane thiab cov pellicle sawv cev rau lub ntim txaj cytoplasm. Cob phum organelles ntawm cov protists yog digestive thiab contractile vacuole. Tus thawj yog nqa tawm enzymatically daws organic tshuaj, thiab lub thib ob - cov kev cai ntawm lub osmotic siab thiab dej thiab ntsev pauv.

Nyob rau hauv ciliates tshwm sim txawm kev sib deev, uas yuav siv sij hawm rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm conjugation. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no ob tsiaj sib tsim cytoplasmic choj, uas lub nucleus ntawm kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic ntaub ntawv exchanged nruab nrab ntawm lawv. Heev ntau haiv neeg organelles zog heterotrophic protists. Nyob rau hauv ciliates yog cov heev heev cilia nyob rau hauv Euglena - ib zaug xwb flagellum. Tab sis Amoeba Proteus ntaub ntawv uas tsis yog-tas mus li protrusions ntawm cytoplasm, uas yog hu ua pseudopodia, los yog pseudopodia.

Gribopodobnye protists

Qhov no pab pawg neeg ntawm protists remotely tsa tiag tiag nceb. Piv txwv li, lub mesh lub cev yog sawv cev labyrinthulomycetes wandering plasmodia. A cell phab ntsa muaj ib tug nruj heev Oomycetes cellulose. Tsis tas li ntawd, nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm asexual tu tub tu kiv, lawv tsim mobile zoospores. Cov tsos mob yog raug rau polryadka gifohitridievyh, feem ntau ntawm uas yog intracellular cab ntawm algae thiab invertebrates.

Lub cim zog

Protists - yog tus kab mob uas muaj yam txawv heev nta. Cov no muaj xws pseudopodia gribopodobnyh labyrinthulomycetes. Lawv hauj lwm ua ke nrog rau cov uas zoo sib xws lug ntawm nyob sib ze hlwb, tsim ib tug tag nrho network. cov neeg sawv cev ntawm qhov kev txiav txim yog muab ib cov protuberance hrizofitovye hu ua gaptonemoy. Nws muaj microtubules, surrounded los ntawm ib tug channel ntawm lub endoplasmic reticulum. Nyob rau hauv dinoflagellates cai lawv cov cim qauv ntawm cov keeb, cov chromosomes uas yeej ib txwm nyob rau hauv ib lub xeev ntawm spiralizirovannom.

Yuav ua li cas yog polyphyly

Heev feem ntau protists hu ua polyphyletic pab pawg neeg, los yog taxon. Qhov no txhais tau tias nws yog tsim los ntawm cov kab mob uas tau pov thawj affinity nrog cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lwm taxonomic units yuav tsis muaj nyob rau hauv no. Yog li ntawd, cia li xa mus rau tus tsiaj lub nceeg vaj, thiab algae - mus rau lub cog lub nceeg vaj. Polyphyletic taxa tsis yog ib feem ntawm niaj hnub taxonomy, vim hais tias lawv cov neeg sawv cev tsis muaj ib qho txwv zeej txwv koob. Piv txwv li cov pab pawg yog txias-blooded tsiaj txhu los yog autotrophic kab mob.

Yog li ntawd, protists - nws eukaryotic kab mob, uas tsis tsim cov ntaub so ntswg. Ntawm lawv yog cov hluas thiab multicellular hom, auto- thiab heterotrophs. Rau niaj hnub cov neeg sawv cev ntawm protists yog algae, protozoa thiab gribopodobnye kab mob.