Monad - ib tug Monad nyob rau hauv philosophy ...

Philosophy yuav ib tug ntau ntawm currents thiab tiam sis. Txhua tus paub txog ib zaug piav nyob rau hauv nws tus kheej cov tshuaj pleev qeb rau nws lub sij hawm. Leibniz kev tshawb xav ntawm monads yog ib feem ntawm lub dialectic - mus tas li txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov kev tshawb xav, zog thiab variation nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no. Ib tug zoo-paub philosopher, tus neeg sawv cev ntawm tus German lub tsev kawm ntawv, ntseeg hais tias muaj Vajtswv thiab yog vim li cas, uas nws tsim ntawm lub plawv ntawm lub ntiaj teb no. Qhov ntawd yog qhov siab ntawm Vajtswv muab cov ntsiab lus rau qhov teeb meem thiab ua lub qhov ntawm nws txoj kev loj hlob.

Yuav ua li cas yog ib tug monad?

Raws li Leibniz, lub ntiaj teb no yuav tau muab faib mus rau lub me tshaj lub ntsiab - monads. Monad - yog ib tug tshwj xeeb tshuaj, uas yog ib qho yooj yim, uas yog ib feem ntawm ib tug ntau lub caij. Qhov no feem ntawm lub ntiaj teb no tsis muaj lub stretch, nws yog tsis muaj thiab tsis tuag ib tug ntuj txoj kev, nws tsuas tshwm sim. Leibniz sib cav hais tias Monad nyob rau hauv philosophy - ib yam khoom uas muab tej txiaj ntsim nrog cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua si thiab lub dag lub zog. Qhov no txoj ntsiab cai yuav tau piav nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm teleology (universal subordination hom phiaj qhov kawg) thiab kev ntseeg. Nyob rau hauv no kev twb kev txuas, muaj lub tswv yim tias lub ntug yog generated los ntawm Vajtswv, thiab tsis tau lawv tas li qhia rau nws tus kheej-kev txhim kho thiab kev loj hlob ntawm tus nplua nuj cov ntaub ntawv.

Monad txoj kev tshawb no philosophy raws li ib tug particle, uas yog txuam nrog ib tug infinite qhov chaw sib koom siab. Leibniz, raws li ib tug neeg sawv cev ntawm lub dialectic, muab tso rau pem hauv ntej lub tswv yim tias cov xwm yog ib tug txheej ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm tag nrho cov nrog tag nrho, vim hais tias cov ntug tag nrho cov Monad. Philosophical sib qha cov kev twb kev txuas ntawm cais ib tug neeg tshuaj nrog ib tug zoo kawg ib puag ncig.

nta tshuaj

Tag nrho cov khoom yuav tsum tau muab faib mus rau hauv monads. Lawv hav zoov twb paub tseeb hais tias nyuab tej yam uas nyob ib ncig ntawm peb thiab cov uas peb yuav kawm tau nyob rau hauv ib cov tswv yim txoj kev, peb tau txais ib co kev. Philosophical hauv paus ntsiab lus hais tias txhua yam kev nyuab tshaj plaws yuav tsum yog ib tug yooj yim ib. Rau Leibniz monad - nws yog ib tug ntawm sab ntsuj plig atom uas muaj ntau qhov chaw thiab immateriality. Lub fact tias cov yooj yim hais, nws txhais hais tias lawv yuav tsis raug lwj thiab cessation ntawm hav zoov, ib yam li tag nrho lwm cov mortals substance.

Gateways monads kaw, thiab nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog cov kev rho tawm lawv tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam lwm tus, thiab lawv, nyob rau hauv lem, cuam tshuam rau lawv. Lawv circulate nyob rau hauv lub qhov chaw ntawm nws tus kheej. Qhov no kuj yog tsis raug rau ntau monads - tus Vajtswv uas muab lub neej thiab tag nrho cov lwm yam hais raws lawv nrog lub xeev. Pre-tsim kev sib raug zoo ntawm tej yam yooj yim tshuaj yog ib tug nyob daim iav duab ntawm lub ntug. Txawm tias nws simplicity, lub Monad nyob rau hauv philosophy - ib tug tshwm sim uas nws muaj nws tus kheej nrog cov qauv thiab cov multiplicity ntawm lub xeev. Xws li ib tug mob, los yog xaav, yuav tsis muaj nyob ntawm nws tus kheej, tsis zoo li tus hais ntawm complex cov ntsiab, thiab qhov no muaj tseeb nrog qhov yooj yim tshuaj. Kev xam pom yog meej pem thiab tsis nco qab nyob rau hauv cov xwm. Qhov thib ob mob yog tau vim lub me me luaj li cas ntawm cov monads.

Monad thiab tus ntsuj plig

Leibniz muaj nws anthropological views on qhov teeb meem. Zaum ntseeg tau hais tias tib neeg kev ua yuav tsum raug mus rau lub yam ntxwv ntawm lub nco qab lawm. Nws kuj sib cav hais tias lub monads thiab lawv tus mob yog lossi hloov. Yog vim li cas rau qhov no - cov internal ua si ntawm no.

Rau Leibniz tus tib neeg ntsuj plig - qhov tseem ceeb tshaj Monad. Nyob rau hauv philosophy, li no los yog hu ua monadology - xav mus xav rau lub hauv paus ua rau ntawm lub cev sib raug zoo ntawm tej yam. Cov ntsuj plig ntawm tus txiv neej - qhov no yog ib qho ntawm tej yam khoom uas theem.

Basic kev cai monadology

Tag nrho ntug yuav tsum tau muab faib mus rau hauv ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm cov ntsiab uas tsis muaj dualistic xwm, raws li sau Descartes thiab Spinosa thiab tsis tu ncua koom.

Monad - yog ib tug, yog tias koj saib nyob rau ntawm qhov txhais cov lus hauv Greek lus. Nws yog yooj yim, indivisible thiab twb tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv uas tej hauv paus.

Monad yog yus muaj los ntawm plaub qualities: ambition, muaj siab, xaav thiab kev kawm ntawv.

Lub essence ntawm no yog cov kev ua, kev ua si. Nws yog ib thiab lossi hloov lawv cov xaav.

Saab laaj ntawm cov hav zoov yuav ua rau nws tau kom paub lub monad nws tus kheej.

Qhov no tshuaj yog kiag li kaw thiab nyob rau lwm tus neeg cia li zoo li nws.

Hom ntawm monads ntawm Leibniz

Leibniz, cov ntsiab lus tag nrho koj cov kev xav, muab qhia monads rau hauv 4 chav kawm:

1. Liab qab Monad - yog ib tug uas yog lub hauv paus ntawm lub neej ntawm cov inorganic beings (pob zeb, lub ntiaj teb, cov zaub mov).
2. Monad tsiaj - los ntawm lub npe nws yog ib qhov tseeb rau leej twg nws yog peculiar. Nws muaj tus lawm, tab sis kuj undeveloped nco qab.
3. Tib neeg monad los yog ntsuj - tsim nyog substance. Nws muaj nco qab, nco thiab ib tug tshwj xeeb muaj peev xwm - xav. Ib tug neeg muaj peev xwm kawm txog lub ntiaj teb no lwm tus yam, kev ncaj ncees kev cai, qhov tseem ceeb thiab nyob mus ib txhis txog tej kev tseeb.
4. Cov theem siab tshaj plaws ntawm monads - Vajtswv.

Leibniz sib cav hais tias tag nrho cov monads, tsuas yog cov qib plaub, muaj ib tug kev twb kev txuas nrog rau lub cev. Lub neej creatures txuam nrog ob tug dab - lub txiag yug thiab kev tuag txhaws, uas nyob rau hauv hauv paus ntsiab lus yog lub cev raws li ib tug sau ntawm monads, yuav tsis ua kom puas. Nyob rau hauv lub cev, nws to taub monads lub teb chaws, uas yog kav los ntawm ib tug zoo meej thawj coj - tus ntsuj plig. Raws li ib tug philosopher, nws yog ib tug idealist txawm tsis kam muab lub hav zoov ntawm qhov teeb meem, thiab nyob rau hauv no hais txog, thiab disembodied.

Xaus rau monadology

Monads chav kawm ntawv qhia cov neeg kawm ntawv txoj kev ywj pheej thiab nws xav li cas xwb - lub siab nws yog, qhov ntau dua qhov kev kawm. Leibniz lub theory yuav raug ncua mus rau lub ntiaj teb no, mus rau feem ntau tej thaj chaw deb ntawm cov ces kaum ntawm nws, tag nrho cov lwm tus tej khoom. Txhua monad ib tug neeg, tshwj xeeb, nrog nws tus kheej cov yam ntxwv, nws muaj nws tus kheej ua cim txoj kev loj hlob.