Lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub paj hlwb. Muaj nuj nqi ntawm poob siab system

Txhua hloov khoom nruab nrog los yog system nyob rau hauv lub cev ua si ib lub luag hauj lwm. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm lawv muaj tag nrho cov sib xyaw. Lub ntsiab lus paj hlwb overemphasized. Nws yog lub luag hauj lwm rau cov correlation ntawm tag nrho lub cev thiab systems, thiab rau lub hauj lwm ntawm tus kab mob raws li ib tug tag nrho. Nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov lub tsev kawm ntawv pib acquaintance nrog xws li ib tug multi-ncau tswvyim, raws li lub paj hlwb. Theem 4 - yog tseem me me cov me nyuam uas tsis tau tsaug to taub ntau txoj kev lub tswv yim.

structural units

Lub ntsiab yam ntxwv thiab tej chav tsev ntawm poob siab system (NS) - neurons. Lawv yog cov complex excitable hlwb secreting dab thiab paub jitters, nws tiav thiab kis tau mus rau lwm lub hlwb. Neurons tej zaum kuj muaj rau phiaj hlwb los yog modulating inhibitory los. Lawv yog ib feem ntawm lub bio thiab hemoregulyatsii lub cev. Los ntawm ib tug ua hauj taw tes ntawm view, neurons yog ib tug ntawm cov me nyuam yaus ntawm lub koom haum ntawm lub paj hlwb. Lawv muab ob peb lwm ntau ntau (molecular, sub-cellular, synaptic, nadkletochny).

Neurons muaj ib lub cev (Soma), qhov ntev caj npab (axon) thiab me me branching dab (dendrites). Nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw ntawm lub paj hlwb, lawv muaj ib tug txawv cov duab thiab loj. Nyob rau hauv ib co ntawm lawv tej zaum yuav ncav cuag qhov axon ntev 1.5 m. Ncaim los ntawm ib tug neuron 1000 dendrites. Raws li nws lub siab extends ntawm lub receptors rau cov cell lub cev. Raws axon impulses yog kis tau mus rau effector hlwb los yog lwm yam neurons.

Nyob rau hauv science, muaj yog lub tswvyim ntawm "synapse". Lub axons ntawm neurons, mus rau lwm lub hlwb pib branching thiab tsim heev heev kaw rau lawv. Tej chaw no yog hu ua synapses. Axons tsim lawv tsis tsuas yog nyob rau hlab ntsha hlwb. Synapses yog nyob rau hauv cov nqaij fibers. Cov kabmob ntawm poob siab system yog tam sim no txawm nyob rau lub hlwb ntawm lub endocrine qog thiab cov ntshav hlab ntsha. Paj fibers yog them nrog tus neeg zoo li glial kev ntawm neurons. Lawv ua tau ib tug kev muaj nuj nqi.

paj txoj

Qhov no tshwj xeeb kev kawm ntawv, nyob rau ntawm lub ntsis ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm cov hlab fibers. Lawv muab cov kis ntawm cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug mem tes. Lub paj txoj kev koom tes nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm cov kis kawg thiab hnov li cov sib txawv yam ntxwv lub koom haum. By functionality yog cais:

• synapses uas kis paj impulses ntawm paj hlwb;

• receptors (afferent kaw), coj cov lus qhia los ntawm scene tau nrog los yog sab nraud ib puag ncig;

• effectors kis mem tes los ntawm paj hlwb mus rau lwm cov ntaub so ntswg.

Lub paj hlwb

Lub paj hlwb (NS) - ib qho kev tso ntawm ob peb sib xyaw lug. Nws yeej txhawb cov hauj lwm ua ke kev cai ntawm tag nrho cov nruab nrog cev thiab muab ib lo lus teb rau hloov tej yam kev mob. Cov tib neeg lub paj hlwb, uas yog sawv cev los ntawm ib tug yees duab nyob rau hauv ib tsab xov xwm ties ua ke rau lub cev muaj zog ua si, rhiab heev thiab ua tau zoo ntawm lwm yam ntxawg tshuab (tiv thaiv kab mob, endocrine). NA kev ua si yog txuam nrog:

• anatomic allergic rau hauv tag nrho cov nruab nrog cev thiab cov nqaij;

• lub tsev lag luam thiab optimization ntawm kev sib raug ntawm lub cev thiab cov uas lwm tus puag ncig (environmental thiab social);

• ua kom sib haum ntawm tag nrho cov metabolic dab;

• tsoom fwv system.

qauv

Anatomy ntawm poob siab system yog heev. Nws yog ib tug ntau ntawm cov lug, txawv nyob rau hauv cov qauv thiab lub hom phiaj. Lub paj hlwb, ib tug yees duab ntawm cov uas ua tim khawv rau nws allergic rau hauv tag nrho cov nruab nrog cev thiab cov nqaij ntawm lub cev, tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm raws li ib tug receiver sab hauv thiab sab nraud stimuli. Rau lub hom phiaj no yog tshwj xeeb piav thoob hlo lug uas yog nyob rau hauv lub thiaj li hu ua analyzers. Cov no muaj xws tshwj xeeb neural pab kiag li lawm uas yuav tau perceive khoom ntaub ntawv. Cov no muaj xws li nram qab no:

• proprioceptors sau lus qhia hais txog lub xeev cov nqaij ntshiv, fascia, pob qij txha, pob txha;

• exteroreceptors, nyob rau hauv daim tawv nqaij, txheej week thiab tsis totaub peev xwm mus paub tau los ntawm lwm tus puag ncig irritants;

• interoreceptors nyob rau hauv lub hauv nruab nrog cev thiab cov nqaij mos thiab lub luag hauj lwm rau ua biochemical kev hloov.

Lub ntsiab tseem ceeb ntawm poob siab system

NA li cov kev ua hauj lwm yog zoo kev cob cog rua nrog lub ntiaj teb no thiab nrog rau cov hauj lwm ntawm tus kab mob. Nrog nws muaj cov xaav ntawm cov ntaub ntawv thiab tsom xam. Tsaug rau no nrhiav kom tau tshwm sim stimuli thiab hauv nruab nrog cev los ntawm sab nraum Pib ntsais koj teeb. Lub paj hlwb yog lub luag hauj lwm rau lub cev lus teb rau cov ntaub ntawv tau txais. Nws yog vim nws sis raug zoo nrog tib neeg adaptability muab humoral cai mechanisms rau lub ntiaj teb no.

Tus nqi ntawm poob siab system yog muab ua kom sib haum ntawm lub cev qhov chaw thiab tswj nws homeostasis (equilibrium lub xeev). Vim nws lub lag luam tshwm sim kab mob adaptation rau muaj kev hloov hu ua adaptive tus cwj pwm (xeev).

Cov yooj yim zog ntawm lub National Assembly

lub paj hlwb yog heev heev heev. Lub ntsiab sawv daws yuav yog cov nram qab no:

• kev cai uas tseem ceeb heev ntaub so ntswg, nruab nrog cev thiab tshuab nyob rau hauv lub qub hom;

• Integration (kev koom ua ke) ntawm lub cev;

• preservation ntawm tus tib neeg kev sib raug zoo nrog cov ib puag ncig;

• kev tswj ntawm lub xeev ntawm ib tug neeg nruab nrog cev thiab tus kab mob raws li ib tug tag nrho;

• muab thiab tswj kom laus (kev khiav hauj lwm lub xeev);

• txhais ntawm cov kev ua ub ntawm cov neeg thiab lawv puas siab puas ntsws noj qab haus huv, uas yog lub hauv paus ntawm lub neej kev.

Cov tib neeg lub paj hlwb, uas yees duab hais saum toj no muab tej kev xav dab:

• xaav, kev kawm thiab ua ntaub ntawv;

• tsom xam thiab synthesis;

• tsim los ntawm txug;

• kev sib piv nrog uas twb muaj lawm kev;

• lub hom phiaj thiab kev npaj;

• kho kev txiav txim (yuam kev kho);

• kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm kev kawm;

• txoj kev txiav txim, uas nrhiav tau thiab cov lus xaus yam (paub daws teeb) lub tswv yim.

Lub paj hlwb nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau lub teeb liab thiab yog cov ntau trophic muaj nuj nqi. Tsaug rau cov faib kab biologically active tshuaj muab tseem ceeb heev functions innervated kabmob. Thawj Coj, cov uas yog deprived ntawm xws recharge, nws thiaj li tau dig thiab tuag. lub paj hlwb yog qho tseem ceeb heev rau tib neeg beings. Thaum modifying ib tug uas twb muaj lawm ib puag ncig tej yam kev mob nrog lawv los rau hauv lub cev hloov mus rau qhov tshiab yam.

Dab tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub NA

Cov tib neeg lub paj hlwb, lub tswvyim yog heev yooj yooj yim thiab straightforward, yog lub luag hauj lwm rau tus sis ntawm cov kab mob thiab cov ib puag ncig. Yuav ua kom nws yog tawm xws li dab:

• transduction, transformation sawv cev voos jitters;

• transformation, uas tshwm sim thaum lub sij hawm hloov dua siab tshiab ntawm cov khoom excitation nrog ib co yam ntxwv nyob rau hauv lub effluent los ntawm lwm yam khoom;

• muab faib rau excitation nrog qhia sib txawv;

• modeling, uas yog ib txoj kev ntawm lub tsev voos, hloov nws heev qhov twg los;

• tes taws los piav, uas hloov lub paj hlwb, los yog cov kev ua ub.

Lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov tib neeg lub paj hlwb kuj muaj lub cev sis raug zoo nrog cov ib puag ncig. Yog li muaj ntau cov lus teb rau txhua yam ntawm stimuli. Lub ntsiab yam ntawm tes taws los piav:

• stimulation (kom), yog yuav txhim khu cov kev ua ntawm paj qauv (lub xeev no yog hom);

• inhibition, hluav (inhibition) muaj nyob rau hauv txo cov kev ua ntawm lub paj hlwb lug;

• ib ntus tshee kev twb kev txuas, uas yog ib tug loj hlob ntawm cov tshiab kis tau tus mob paths ntawm excitation;

• yas hloov, uas yog sawv cev sensitization (kev txhim kho ntawm kev hloov ntawm excitation) thiab habituation (deterioration tus nqi);

• ua kom lub cev, muab ib tug reflex cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm tus tib neeg lub cev.

NA hom phiaj

Lub ntsiab kev pab raws qib ntawm poob siab system:

• Txais tos - capture hloov nyob rau hauv lub hauv lossis sab nraud ib puag ncig. Nws yog nqa tawm los ntawm txoj kev sensor tshuab receptor thiab nruab nrab yog cov xaav ntawm cov neeg kho tshuab, thermal, tshuaj, electromagnetic thiab lwm yam kev stimuli.

• Transduction - converting (encoding) cov khoom teeb liab mus rau jitters, uas yog ib tug kwj ntawm cov pulses nrog tus yam ntxwv xam qhovkev voos.

• ua raws li cov, muaj raws nyob rau hauv lub me nyuam ntawm excitation ntawm cov hlab txoj nyob rau hauv tsim nyog feem thiab cov NA rau effectors (executive lub cev).

• Xaav - cov creation ntawm neural stimulation qauv (a txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub piav thoob hlo duab). Qhov no txoj kev tsim ib tug subjective daim duab ntawm lub ntiaj teb no.

• Transformation - lub transformation ntawm qhov kov excitation ntawm effector. Nws lub hom phiaj yog mus ib ce muaj zog hauv lub cev lo lus teb rau cov kev hloov ntawm cov ib puag ncig. Yog li muaj ib tug downlink kis tau tus mob ntawm excitation los ntawm lub siab kom txo tau-dag qhov chaw ntawm lub Cns los yog PNS (ua hauj lwm hauv nruab nrog cev, nqaij).

• Kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm kev tshwm sim ntawm kev ua si hauv lub teb chaws los ua ke nrog kev pab los ntawm cov tswv yim thiab afferent (piav thoob hlo ntaub ntawv kis tau tus mob).

Tus qauv ntawm lub National Assembly

Cov tib neeg lub paj hlwb, lub Circuit Court ntawm uas yog qhia saum toj no, yog muab faib ua structurally thiab feem. NA ua hauj lwm yuav tsis tau to taub tag nrho, tsis muaj cov tshuaj ntsuam lub ntsiab nta ntawm nws hom. Tsuas yog los ntawm kev kawm lawv muaj nuj nqi, cov complexity ntawm tag nrho mechanism yuav tsum paub. Lub paj hlwb yog muab faib mus rau hauv:

• central (Cns), uas nqa tawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nyob rau hauv ntau theem ntawm complexity, hu ua reflexes. Nws perceives cov stimuli tau txais los ntawm qhov ib puag ncig thiab los ntawm cov kabmob. Nws muaj xws li lub paj hlwb thiab tus txha caj qaum.

• Peripheral (PNS) txuas lub hauv paus poob siab system nrog nruab nrog cev thiab nqua. Nws neurons nyob deb deb ntawm lub paj hlwb thiab tus txha caj qaum. Nws yog tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv los ntawm cov pob txha, ces nws cov neeg kho tshuab kev puas tsuaj. Tsuas yog vim lub cev tau hauj lwm ntawm PNS tau ua kom sib haum ntawm taw ntawm tus txiv neej. Qhov no system yog lub luag hauj lwm rau lub cev lo lus teb rau stressful lub sijhawm thiab kev nyab xeeb. Tsaug rau nws, nyob rau hauv tej lub sijhawm, cov mem tes quickens thiab seb puas tsimnyog tau cov theem ntawm adrenaline. Cov kab mob ntawm lub peripheral lub paj hlwb rau lub hauv paus poob siab system ua hauj lwm.

PNS yog muaj li ntawm bundles ntawm cov hlab fibers. Lawv mus deb tshaj li lub paj hlwb thiab tus txha caj qaum thiab xa mus rau txawv lub cev. Lawv yog cov hu ua qab haus huv. Yuav kom PNS yog ganglia (o). Lawv yog cov pawg ntawm paj hlwb.

Kab mob ntawm cov peripheral tshee system yog muab faib rau tej hauv paus ntsiab: topographical-anatomical, etiological, pathogenesis, Pathomorphology. Cov muaj xws li:

• radiculitis;

• plexites;

• funikulity;

• mono-, poly- thiab multinevrity.

Los ntawm etiology, lawv muab faib ua kis (microbial, kis), tshuaj lom, kev tsis haum, discirkulatornaya, dysmetabolic, puas, raws roj ntsha, idiopathic kompressiyno-ischemic, vertebral. PNS kab mob tej zaum yuav thawj (cov mob ruas, leptospirosis, syphilis) thiab theem nrab (tom qab thaum yau mob, mononucleosis, nrog periarteritis nodosa). Raws li Pathomorphology pathogenesis thiab lawv raug muab faib ua neuropathy (radiculopathy), neuritis (radiculitis), thiab neuralgia.

Cov khoom ntawm poob siab system

Reflex kev ua si yog kev lom zem ntau txiav txim los ntawm cov khoom ntawm cov hlab chaw zov me nyuam, uas yog ib tug txheej ntawm Cns lug. Lawv hauj lwm ua ke ua si kom cov kev cai ntawm ntau yam cev tsis muaj zog los yog reflex ua. Paj chaw zov me nyuam muaj ob peb ntau zog txhais los ntawm cov qauv thiab cov kev ua ntawm synaptic formations (hu ntawm neurons thiab lwm yam ntaub so ntswg):

• sidedness excitation txheej txheem. Nws yog faib nyob rau hauv lub reflex arc nyob rau hauv ib tug coj.

• irradiation ntawm excitation lus dag nyob rau hauv lub fact tias ib tug txiav txim nce nyob rau hauv lub dag lub zog ntawm cov stimulus teb expansion txheej txheem muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv neurons tshwm sim.

• Summation excitation. Qhov no tus txheej txheem no facilitated los ntawm xub ntiag ntawm lub myriad ntawm synaptic hu.

• High qaug zog. Ntev dua stimulation tshwm sim weakening reflex cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.

• Synaptic ncua. reflex cov tshuaj tiv thaiv lub sij hawm yog kiag li nyob rau cov kev ceev thiab lub sij hawm ntawm excitation hais tawm thoob plaws lub synapse. Nyob rau hauv tib neeg, ib tug xws li ncua sij hawm yog hais txog 1 ms.

• laus, uas nruab nrab yog cov xub ntiag ntawm tom qab ua si.

• Plasticity, yog ib tug feature ho hloov lub zuag qhia tag nrho daim duab ntawm reflex tshua.

• convergence ntawm cov hlab Pib ntsais koj teeb, uas txiav txim physiological mechanism txoj kev afferent ntaub ntawv (qhov kwj ntawm cov hlab impulses).

• Integration zog ntawm lub hlwb nyob rau hauv lub paj chaw zov me nyuam.

• Khoom tseem ceeb paj chamber, yus muaj los ntawm nce excitability, muaj peev xwm excitation thiab summation.

• cephalization lub paj hlwb, yog yuav tawm mus, lub cev tswj cov kev ua ub nyob rau hauv loj qhov chaw ntawm lub Cns thiab concentration nyob rau hauv lawv cov kev cai muaj nuj nqi.