Latin: keeb kwm ntawm txoj kev loj hlob. Siv nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj

Thaum cov teb chaws Europe tau nyob hauv Npanpiloo los ntawm cov neeg uas txawj hais lus hom lus uas tam sim no raug xa mus rau raws li cov neeg tuag, uas yog, mus tawm ntawm lub conversational siv. Ib tug ntawm lawv - lub Latin lus. Lub keeb kwm ntawm nws txoj kev loj hlob pib ua ntej peb era, tab sis cov neeg siv nws hnub no, nyob rau hauv lub XXI caug xyoo. Tej hau kev kawm yam lus no yog ib tug yuav tsum raug nyob rau hauv ntau cov tsev kawm ntawv. Yuav ua li cas yog lub Latin? Leej twg kawm nws? Cov lus teb - nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm.

antiquity

Teb koj chaw Latin - Ancient Rome. Cov neeg rau leej twg cov lus no yog tus niam tau nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua II BC. Tab sis lawv tau kawm sau ntau npaum li cas tom qab ntawd. Keeb kwm ntawm lub Latin lus yog zoo txuam nrog antiquity. Nws yog txhais raws li ib tug kev vam meej uas muaj ua ntej lub Nrab Hnub nyoog. Hais txog nws niaj hnub tus neeg paub vim hais tias ntawm cov kev cai tau ntawm cov neeg Loos thiab cov Greeks. Cov Loos txais ntau npaum li cas los ntawm qhov ntau kawm ntawv cov pej xeem ntawm tim Nkij teb chaws, nrog rau cov zajlus kev lig kev cai.

Tus thawj sau

Keeb kwm ntawm lub Latin hom lus, zoo li lwm yam, kev kawm mus rau periodization. Linguists thiab historians cais archaic, classical thiab postclassical sij hawm. Thaum cov neeg Loos nyob unorganized lub teb chaws, lawv hais lus nyob rau hauv archaic Latin. Tab sis lub zog los ua tus Roman faj tim teb chaws, qhov ntau tsim kab lis kev cai, thiab nrog nws cov lus. Tsim spelling, nws tau ua ntau ntau haiv neeg. Cov Loos pib hais lus thiab sau ntawv nyob rau hauv cov lus, uas yog tam sim no hu ua classical Latin. Thiab ces ib txhia mas cov pej xeem ntawm lub teb chaws pib txhais cov tej hauj lwm ntawm lub Greeks, thiab txawm los tsim ib yam dab tsi tshiab. Nrog lub advent ntawm cov kos duab ntawm ancient Greek thiab Roman ntaub ntawv pib tsim lub ntiaj teb uas luag thiab paj huam.

ntaub ntawv

Txoj kev tshawb no ntawm tej tshav pob ntawm daim duab - yog, saum toj no tag nrho, lub keeb kwm ntawm lub Latin lus. Lub rov tshwm sim ntawm Rome thiab nws txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kab lis kev cai muaj ib tug zoo kawg li tej yam nyob rau hauv lub kab lis kev cai ntawm lub ntiaj teb no. Ua ntej, nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws no muaj cov kev cai thiab kev cai dab qhuas cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv Latin. Ces khav lawv tus kheej, thiab sau ntawv. Thawj tug txiv neej nyob rau hauv ancient Rome, uas yog tiag xav nyob rau hauv lub poetic ntaub ntawv - yog Liviy Andronik. Tab sis nws tsis sau dab tsi ntawm lawv tus kheej, tab sis yuav luag txhais Homer txoj kev zoo paj huam. Roman cov me nyuam rau ib ntev lub sij hawm kawm kev sau ntawv ntawm ib phau ntawv hais txog lub zoo wanderings ntawm Odysseus.

Thawj phau ntawv

Nthuav keeb kwm ntawm lub Latin lus thiab cov ntaub ntawv yog txuam nrog tsawg kawg yog entertaining cov nom tswv lub neej ntawm ancient Rome. Wars thiab lwm yam kev puas tsuaj tau tsim ib tug tshiab tiam ntawm paj huam thiab sau ntawv uas tsis txhais txawv teb chaws tej hauj lwm, thiab kev tsim haiv neeg Roman sau. Gnaeus Nevij, piv txwv li, sau tau raug xwm txheej mob siab rau ib tug ntawm cov Punic Wars.

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, raws li nyob rau hauv txhua txhua lub teb chaws, cov neeg Loos muaj lawv cov dab neeg, nyob rau hauv uas paj huam tsim phau ntawv sau tej hauj lwm. Myths xwb ntawm Ancient nroog Loos kawm schoolchildren thiab menyuam kawm ntawv. Paub txog qhov no epic yog tsim nyog vim hais tias qhov no yog qhov twg lub ancient Roman sau ntawv kos kawm. Thiab lawv, nyob rau hauv lem, borrowed kev lig kev cai thiab tom qab ntawd sau ntawv. Lub keeb kwm ntawm lub rov tshwm sim thiab kev loj hlob ntawm lub Latin lus no kuj mob nrog cov npe xws li Plautus, Virgil, Horace. Sayings Roman philosophers, sau ntawv, politicians thiab gladiators siv nyob rau hauv niaj hnub hais lus. Txawm tias tsawg nyob rau hauv tus thawj.

Yuav ua li cas hom lus yog los ntawm Latin?

Rau cov neeg uas muaj tiag kawm Italian, Mev los yog Fabkis, tseem ceeb heev Latin. Lub keeb kwm ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm nws yog ib tug ntawm cov seem ntawm Romance Studies - lub science uas kawm cov loj tus naj npawb ntawm cov lus, uas yog lub txwv zeej txwv koob ntawm nws inhabitants ntawm ancient Rome. Latin - yuav tsum qhia rau faculties ntawm Philology thiab linguistics. Thaum kev kawm muaj feem ntau yog tas rau tus neeg txhais lus ntawm phau ntawv, cim paj lug thiab kawm txog cov qauv sau ntawv qhia. Tab sis txawm qhov no yog txaus kom to taub yuav ua li cas muaj ntau yam lus ntawm Fabkis, Italian los yog lwm yam lus uas cov Romance borrowed los ntawm nws lub contemporaries, Virgil thiab Horace.

Nrab Hnub nyoog

Nyob rau hauv lub Nrab Hnub nyoog, Latin yog, saum toj no tag nrho, cov lus ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj. Thiab txij li thaum lub tsev teev ntuj depended rau txhua yam, thiab cov lus no yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov spheres ntawm lub neej. Zaum ntawm no era tau ua tib zoo sau phau ntawv cuab yeej cuab tam ntawm antiquity, kawm thiab ua kom zoo zoo Latin, devoted heev heev writings ntawm xws li ib cov npe tseem ceeb raws li lub keeb kwm ntawm lub Latin lus. Luv luv nws yog muab faib ua ob peb theem. Sib nrug los ntawm lub archaic, classical thiab post-classical, cais raws li medieval Latin.

Txawm nyob rau ntawm sunset Medieval Latin tsis tau hais tias tsuas qhov tsaus ntuj nti, ruam neeg. Nyob rau hauv Teb chaws Europe, cov ntaub ntawv thiab ua lag ua luam xov xwm ua heev dua lwm yam nyob rau hauv uas cov lus. Nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no nyob rau hauv dav dav thiab nyob hauv zej zog nyob rau hauv kev muaj kev hloov, thiab qhov no yuav tsis cuam tshuam rau nws. Nws tau hloov zuj zuj, tshiab lexical khoom tshwm sim. Tab sis txawm thaum cov lus no yog coj thib ob qhov chaw, nws tseem yog ib tug yuav tsum raug nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov tsev kawm ntawv.

Latin yog lub ntsiab kev kawm rau yav tom ntej cov kws lij choj, uas yeej muaj los tham txog cov kws kho mob. Nyob rau hauv lub tshiab "Tus neej ntawm Mr de Moliere" los ntawm M. Bulgakov ironically qhia txog cov kev kawm system ntawm no era. Protagonist ntawm cov phau ntawv, lub npe nrov sau ntawm Moliere lub comedy, ib tug tub hluas nyuaj nws kawm Latin, uas nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm nws ciali rau nws hais tias nws lub npe yog tsis Jean-Baptiste, thiab Zhoganes Baptistus.

Translations ntawm Hippocrates

Thaum valiant Roman cov tub rog tua yeej cov Greeks paub ntau, lawv kuj muaj peev xwm mus coj kom zoo dua ntawm tsis tsuas yog lub keeb kwm kev cai tau ntawm lub Greeks, tab sis kuj scientific. Ua ntej, pib qhov twg - mus kawm cov writings ntawm Hippocrates. Qhov no kawm txiv neej, raws li koj paub, yog tus founder ntawm lub Greek zoo. Keeb kwm ntawm lub Latin lus txoj kev loj hlob nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj mus rov qab raws nraim nrog cov kev hloov tsheb.

tshuaj

Ib txhia ancient Greek cov nqe lus mus ib txhis nyob rau hauv tus hais lus ntawm cov neeg Loos. lawv yuav Iwj los ntawm cov tau kov yeej cov neeg, tab sis tom qab ib tug thaum lawv nyob thiab lawv cov kws kho mob. Lub nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm lawv - Klavdiy Galen. Qhov no paub txog sau ntau tshaj ib puas tej hauj lwm. Kev mloog nws them rau cov nqe lus, ntseeg hais tias lawv yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm kev kho mob xwm txheej. Tiam sis ua ntej kho neeg lub siab nyob rau hauv ancient Rome tseem raug txim ntawm lub Greeks. thaum lub sij hawm, tus qhev tau txais lawv txoj kev ywj pheej, qhia nyob rau hauv tsev kawm ntawv. Chiv, tag nrho cov ntsiab lus uas heev dua lwm yam Greek, tab sis keeb kwm ntawm lub Latin lus thiab kev kho mob terminology yog sib xyaw. Txais los ntawm cov lus ntawm Hippocrates rau tus hais lus hauv lub Roman cov kws kho mob txhua txhua xyoo yuav tsawg tsawg.

Zaug ntawm Celsus

Ib tug enormous pab mus rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev kho mob terminology tswvcuab Aulus Korneliy Tsels. Tus txiv neej no yog ib tug ntau yam cwm pwm, yog ib tug supporter ntawm cov kev hloov ntawm cov tshuaj Greek Latin kho mob cov lus. Celsus sau tau nws tej hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lawv haiv neeg cov lus. no tus kws kho mob ua hauj lwm tau los ua ib tug prerequisite rau lub creation ntawm niaj hnub kho mob terminology.

Nyob rau hauv lub Tsaus Hnub nyoog ntawm cov tshuaj txoj kev loj hlob stalled. Raws li, txawm li cas los, thiab tag nrho lwm cov ceg ntawm science. Rights Society ntawm lub Koom Txoos. Nws flourished ignorance. Rau ze li ntawm ib xyoo txhiab nyob rau hauv European tshuaj muaj tsis muaj kev hloov. Cov Arabs, lub caij no, tau tiav ib tug heev nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam no. Thiab thaum ib tug tshuaj nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe nco txog cov thawj tshaj plaws pib nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev kho mob xwm txheej - yog ib tug neeg txhais lus rau hauv Latin ntawm as treatises, uas, los ntawm txoj kev, yog tsis muaj dab tsi tab sis ib tug neeg txhais lus los ntawm cov Greek.

Renaissance

Nruab nrab ntawm lub XIV thiab XVI xyoo pua nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe nws yog los yug dua, thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov tshuaj. Cov kws kho mob ib zaug dua tig mus rau tus ancient tseem. Nyob rau hauv lub centuries tsim ib tug universal kho mob cov lus. Cov kws kho mob nyob rau hauv txawv teb chaws yuav tsum tau to taub txhua lwm yam. Luam tawm phau ntawv thiab dictionaries. Nyob rau hauv lub XV xyoo pua, nws twb pom nyob rau hauv ib tug ntawm cov tsev qiv ntawv ua hauj lwm ib tug tsis nco qab lawm Roman tus kws kho mob Celsus. Roman tus ua hauj lwm twb republished, thiab cov terminology siv los ntawm cov kws kho mob ib ncig ntawm lub ntiaj teb no niaj hnub no.

Vezaliy Andreas - ib tug zoo kws kho mob thiab anatomist ntawm lub era. Qhov no paub txog yog ib tug anatomical daim ntawv, raws li nyob rau hauv lub chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm lub Roman sau reprinted. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus uas twb muaj lawm gretsizmov, nws tau los ua tus tsim thiab tshiab Latin cov ntsiab lus uas. Txawm li cas los, muaj ntau yam ntawm lawv yav tom ntej mus tawm ntawm kev siv.

Roman txoj cai

Txiav txim siab cawv rau cov kev cai lij choj terminology muaj Latin. Lub keeb kwm ntawm kev cai lij choj yog noj keeb kwm nyob rau cov kev tshawb xav ntawm Roman Law. Namely, nws yog ib qhov chaw ntawm terminology nyob rau hauv ntau yam lus. Yog vim li cas yog raws nraim cov lus. Latinism ua cov cuab yeej ntawm tus niaj hnub raws li txoj cai system. Ib tug loj loj luag hauj lwm no yog qhov tseeb hais tias nyob rau hauv kev cai lij choj kheej ntawm medieval ntaub ntawv kos mus txog heev dua lwm yam nyob rau hauv Latin. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm lub thoob ntiaj teb terminological fund yog tsim los pab.

Nyob rau hauv ib co lus, cov lus hais txog kev cai lij choj cov lo lus, hais niaj hnub no nyob rau hauv Latin, tsis muaj kev hloov tau ua. Ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm Latinisms yog tam sim no feem ntau nyob rau hauv lub Romance lus. Lub German pab pawg neeg ntawm xws txais tsawg.

Philology

Yav tom ntej linguists kuj kawm Latin. Lub luag hauj lwm ntawm cov lus nyob rau hauv lub zoo mas kev kawm ntawv system. Ntawm uas tuaj tag nrho cov Romance lus. Txais los ntawm tus hais lus ntawm lub ancient Loos thiab tam sim no niaj hnub no nyob rau hauv cov lus ntawm Fabkis, Italians thiab Spaniards. Yog li ntawd, rau cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawm Roman Philology, thiaj li tseem ceeb Latin. Lub keeb kwm ntawm cov qauv sau ntawv, phonetics thiab lwm yam khej lug - txhua yam koj yuav tsum paub nyob rau hauv-tob txoj kev tshawb no ntawm ib tug txawv teb chaws lus.

Latin muaj ib tug enormous cawv rau cov tsim thiab kev loj hlob ntawm ntau yam niaj hnub lus, ces nws yog tsim nyog los kawm tsis tau tsuas yog rau yav tom ntej cov kws lijchoj thiab cov kws kho mob. Tub Ntxhais Kawm Ntawv ntawm lub Latin lus, txhawb koj cov lo lus thiab ua rau nws yooj yim mus kawm lo lus tshiab. Nws yog lub Latin tsiaj ntawv yog lub hauv paus ntawm tag nrho cov European yam lus, thiab cov phonetic transcription ntawm lub hauv paus.

Latin kuj muaj ib tug kabmob rau cov niaj hnub Lavxias teb sab lus. Nws muaj ntau tshaj li kaum txhiab lo lus uas tuaj ntawm cov lus uas cov ancient Loos.