Ismail Gasprinskii nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm lub Crimea

Ismail Gasprinskii, uas nws lub neej thiab ua hauj lwm yog ib qho piv txwv rau ntau - ib tug zoo heev Crimean kawm, txawj sau ntawv, publisher thiab pej xeem daim duab. Nyob rau hauv daim ntawv no, peb muaj ib tug nyuag Phau ntawv sau txog ib tug naas ej neeg. Peb kuj qhia koj txog lub luag hauj lwm ua si los ntawm Ismail Gasprinskii nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm Crimea.

Keeb kwm, thaum yau

Ismail yug nyob rau hauv lub peb hlis ntuj 1851. Qhov kev tshwm sim coj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub zos Avdzhikoy nyob ze Bakhchisaray. Nws txiv yog ib tug lieutenant los ntawm lub npe ntawm Mustafa. Thawj hom kev kawm Ismail Gasprinskii txais lub tsev, tom qab uas nws kawm nyob rau tom lub zos lub tsev kawm ntawv-mektebe (Muslim cov tsev kawm ntawv). Tom qab ntawd, nws kawm tiav los ntawm lub chav xyaum tes taw Simferopol ces cuv npe kawm nyob rau hauv lub Voronezh Cadet Corps.

Nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm 1864 mus 1867, Ismail Bey Gasprinskii kawm nyob rau Moscow tub rog lub tsev kawm ntawv. Act nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug tseem ceeb lub tsev kawm ntawv nws yuav vim hais tias nws tus txiv yog nyob rau hauv cov pej xeem qhov kev pab. Ntxiv mus, Mustafa Gasprinskii belongs rau lub genus ntawm cov Crimean Murza, uas equated thaum lub Lavxias teb sab nom tswv cajceg.

Tseem ceeb hu, tsim los ntawm cov ideology

Ismail nyob rau hauv Moscow los ua phooj ywg nrog tus tub Mihaila Katkova, editor ntawm "Moscow Xov xwm" thiab ib tug naas ej Slavophile. Tej lub sij hawm Gasprinskii nyob rau hauv nws tsev neeg. Txawm li cas los, nws tsis ntev rov qab mus rau nws teb koj chaw. Ismail pib qhia nyob rau hauv Bakhchisarai (nyob rau hauv Zincirli madrasa) nyob rau hauv 1867. Tom qab 3 lub xyoo, nws tau mus Paris, qhov chaw uas nws tau mus kawm lectures nyob rau Sorbonne thiab kuj ua hauj lwm raws li ib tug neeg txhais lus thiab yog tus tuav ntaub ntawv ntawm yog Turgenev, tus naas ej Lavxias teb sab txawj sau ntawv.

Tom qab ntawd Gasprinskii txog ib lub xyoo nws nyob nyob rau hauv Istanbul. Los yeej muaj nws sau xov xwm mus rau lub Lavxias teb sab ntawv xov xwm. Txawv teb chaws, Ismail coj lub tswv yim thiab kev txawj ntse, uas yog ces creatively txhais. Lawv tau crystallized rau hauv ib tug zaum ideology, nws thiaj li txia ntshis ua ib tug zoo heev reformer Gasprinsky.

chaw ua hauj lwm

Rov qab mus rau Crimea Ismail rau tej lub sij hawm tau txais kev pab raws li ib tug kws qhia ntawv. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv Lub ob hlis ntuj 1879 nws los ua tus tswv zos ntawm lub nroog ntawm Bakhchisarai. Nyob rau hauv no txoj hauj lwm Gasprinskii nyob kom txog rau thaum lub peb hlis ntuj 1884

Gasprinsky kos duab nws lub tswv yim

Nyob rau hauv 1881, Ismail sau ib tsab ntawv hu ua "Lavxias teb sab Islam. Xav, sau ntawv thiab cov tswvyim los ntawm ib tug Muslim." Qhov no ua hauj lwm tau los ua ib tug zoo ntawm kev txawj ntse manifesto, thiab tsis tsuas yog rau cov Gasprinsky. Nyob rau hauv daim ntawv no, tus sau yog muab cov thiaj li hu ua "poob rau hauv ntujtawg cov lus nug" ntawm lub neej. Yuav ua li cas hom ntawm kev sib raug zoo yuav tsum nyob nruab nrab ntawm lub Lavxias teb sab thiab Tatar? Yuav ua li cas yuav tsum yog tus Lavxias teb sab Muslims (Tatars) nyob rau hauv relation mus rau Lavxias teb sab? Yuav ua li cas lub hom phiaj thov Lavxias teb sab muaj cai nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo mus rau lub Tatars, thiab seb nws tau cog lus? Tag nrho cov lus nug no txaus siab Gasprinsky.

Ismail kawg sau ntawv cov tsis muaj ib tug coherent txoj cai uas yuav tau txhib kom cov neeg kis tau ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm cov Lavxias teb sab kev vam meej tiv thaiv Muslims. Gasprinskii sau hais tias nws tau coj ib tug ntau ntawm txiv hmab txiv ntoo iab rau Lavxias teb sab Muslims, thiab nyob rau hauv kev rau lub teb chaws. Tus sau sau ntawv uas Lavxias teb sab Islam tsis xav tias, tsis paub qhov kev txaus siab ntawm cov Lavxias teb sab xeev. Nws tsis to taub nws lub tswv yim, dee, tsis paub hais tias mus rau nws tus xyiv fab thiab kev tu siab. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, tsis muaj kev txawj ntse ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus insulates Lavxias teb sab Muslim los ntawm Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv thiab kev xav, raws li zoo raws li lub universal kab lis kev cai. Gasprinskii sau ntawv hais tias nws yog mired nyob rau hauv tej kev teev dab thiab cov laus notion tias nws yog cais los ntawm tus so ntawm tib neeg. Qhov ua rau ntawm ntau ills, raws li Ismail, yog tus tsis muaj ib tug qhia ntawv, coherent txoj cai rau inorodcheskogo thiab heterodox pejxeem.

Ntsiab lus cov tswv yim muaj nyob rau hauv nws tsab ntawv, Gasprinskii sau hais tias qhov convergence ntawm Lavxias teb sab Muslims nrog lub Lavxias teb sab xeev tiv thaiv ignorance, uas implies tsis sib ntseeg. Yuav ua li cas yog cov tshuaj pom tias los ntawm tus sau ntawm qhov teeb meem no? Gasprinskii ntseeg hais tias nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm Muslim madrassas yuav tsum ua kom paub elementary qhia ntau yam sciences nyob rau hauv Tatar. Vim li no cov nyob rau hauv lub Muslim puag ncig yuav txeem paub tsis raug mob mus rau lub xeev. Qhov no, nyob rau hauv lem, tsa kev txawj ntse txog qib uas cov txiv plig thiab cov mej zeej ntawm nruab nrab hauv chav kawm ntawv. Yog li ntawd nws yog ua tau rau dispel ib tug ntau ntawm prejudices. Lwm ntsuas npaj Gasprinsky, - tus creation ntawm dej siab tej yam kev mob rau lub xov xwm ntawm cov ntawv luam khoom nyob rau hauv lub Tatar lus.

Jadidism

Ismail, raws li ib tug devout Muslim, nyob rau hauv lub foreground tso xa cov creation ntawm ib tug reformed zej lub zos ntawm haiv neeg professing Islam. Jadid kho kom zoo yuav ib tug zoo lus teb rau cov lus nug troubling kawm. Nws yog ua tsaug rau Ismail yog thoob plaws cov Muslims nyob rau hauv Russia.

Jadidism npaj kho kom zoo kev pab cuam muaj feem xyuam rau kev kawm ntawv. Nws lub ntsiab qhov chaw muaj xws li cov nram qab no:

• reforming cov kev kawm ntawv ntawm cov Muslims, nqa nws nyob rau hauv txoj kab nrog rau European theem;
• tsim ntawm ib tug koom rau tag nrho cov neeg ntawm lub Turkic txawj hom lus;
• tsim philanthropic thiab txog haiv neeg;
• kom pej xeem sib koom tes, kev hloov nyob rau hauv txoj hauj lwm ntawm cov Muslim cov poj niam;
• ntxiv dag zog uas twb muaj lawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov Turkic-Muslim haiv neeg nyob rau hauv Russia.

Ntawv xov xwm "Terdzhiman"

Gasprinskii nram qab no lub noble hauv paus ntsiab lus, cov tshaj tawm hais tias lawv pib ib qho active kev kawm ua ub no. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lub Plaub Hlis 1883, nws pib publishing nyob rau hauv Bakhchisarai cov ntawv xov xwm hu ua "Terdzhiman" ( "Lub tshuab txhais lus"). Rau ntau xyoo, nws tau ua tsuas yog txoj kev nyob rau hauv Russia Turkish ntawv xov xwm. Nyob rau hauv "Terdzhimane" luam ntaub ntawv hais txog cov feem ntau pressing teeb meem. Cov ntawv xov xwm tuaj tawm raws li cov Crimean Tatar thiab Lavxias teb sab lus.

Thaum xub thawj, cov ntawv no txhua lub limtiam, tab sis tom qab tuaj thiab peb lub sij hawm ib lub lim tiam, thiab txhua txhua hnub. "Terdzhiman" lasted kom txog thaum nws tuag Gasprinsky, tuaj nyob rau hauv xyoo 1914, raws li tau zoo raws li lwm cov 4 xyoo tom qab ntawd. Nyob rau hauv xyoo no, ib tug ntawv xov xwm editor yog nws tus tub Refat.

Lwm yam xov xwm thiab cov phau ntawv Magazine, uas yog luam tawm Gasprinskii

Lwm cov ntawv xov xwm, uas luam tawm Ismail Gasprinskii - txhua lub limtiam "Millet" ( "Ib lub tebchaws"). Nws kuj tso ib tug poj niam magazine, "Alemi nisvan" ( "Cov poj niam lub ntiaj teb"). Shefika Gasprinsky, Ishmael tus ntxhais, yog tus editor ntawm no magazine. Tab sis hais tias tsis yog tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv raws li Gasprinsky. Nws tso ib tug me nyuam txoj kev magazine nyob rau hauv lub Crimean lus "subyan Alemi" ( "Cov me nyuam ntiaj teb"). Tsis tas li ntawd muaj nqis mentioning yog ib tug humorous ntawv hu ua "Ha-ha-ha!", Uas twb nrhiav tau los ntawm Ismail Gasprinskii. Nws biography, raws li koj tau pom, cim qhov kev tso tawm ntawm ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov phau ntawv Magazine thiab ntawv xov xwm.

Tsim ib tug Turkic lus

Ismail nrhiav los xyuas kom meej tias cov Turkic haiv neeg nyob rau hauv Russia, tau koom rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm cov creation ntawm ntau Turkic lus. Language Gasprinskii xam tau tias yog lub hauv paus ntawm lub hav zoov ntawm Turkic solidarity. Ismail sim thawj ntawm tag nrho cov mus nqa tawm lus kho kom zoo. Nws ntseeg hais tias "kev sib sau ntawm cov lus" tsis ua hauj lwm tawm ntawm nws tus kheej, raws li yog hais tias tus tag nrho lub zej zog ntawm cov lus thiab typological kev zoo sib thooj ntawm cov lus ntawm lub Turkic neeg varied considerably. Ib qho tseem ceeb kauj ruam ntawm lub convergence ntawm tag nrho cov haiv neeg pib mus tsim ib yam ntawm cov Turkish Esperanto. Qhov no lus twb tsim raws li nyob rau hauv lub Crimean Tatar (nws upgraded version).

Kev Kawm Ntawv Reform

Cov kev kawm ntawv system yog suav tias yog Gasprinskii, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb cheeb tsam uas yuav tsum tau drastic kho kom zoo. Ismail tau tsim ib tug tshwj xeeb txoj kev tsev qha ntawv. Nws twb xub mus soj ntsuam nyob rau hauv lub Bakhchsarai tsev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv 1884. Lub ntsiab kom zoo dua ntawm no txoj kev yog ib tug muaj nuj nqis txoj kev tshawb no ntawm kev kawm es tsis rote kawm obscure ntawv. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nyob rau hauv txoj kev kawm txawj siv lawv hom lus, tab sis qhov no tsis cais txoj kev tshawb no ntawm Lavxias teb sab, Arabic thiab European lus.

Ua tsaug rau lub tsev kawm ntawv yuav siv txoj kev Gasprinsky, nyob rau hauv thawj 15 xyoo ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, ib tug tshiab tiam ntawm cov Crimean Tatar intellectuals. Lawv raug tsim raws li Europeans, tab sis tsis tau poob rau hauv lub Muslim yog leejtwg tiag.

Recognition, congresses Lavxias teb sab Muslims

Nyob rau hauv 1903, lub 20th hnub tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntawv xov xwm "Terdzhiman" tau ua ib tug zoo ntawm lub teb chaws lub rooj sab laj. Nws Gasprinskii twb paub li "leej txiv ntawm lub teb chaws Lavxias teb sab Muslims." Tus thawj Muslim Congress twb nqa tawm los ntawm qhov kev siv ntawm lawv cov tswv yim ntawm cov Turkic-Islamic solidarity.

Ismail Gasprinskii nyob rau hauv 1905 los ua tus tswj ntawm tus thawj Congress ntawm cov Muslims ntawm Russia. Qhov no congress cim pib ntawm lub unification ntawm tag nrho cov Lavxias teb sab Tatars. Qhov thib ob congress twb muaj nyob rau hauv Lub ib hlis ntuj 1906 nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg. Ismail Gasprinskii yog tus tswj thiab nyob rau nws. Thaum no tshwm sim, nws twb txiav txim siab los rau Union ntawm cov Muslims ntawm Russia. Nyob rau hauv lub yim hli ntuj 1906, nyob ze Nizhny Novgorod tau ntsib tus thib peb Congress. Nws tau txiav txim siab los hloov tus tsim Union ntawm cov Muslims (Ittifaq al-Muslimin) nyob rau hauv ib tug nom tswv tog. Nws kev pab cuam raws li nyob rau hauv lub ideology ntawm yias-Turkism.

Ismail Gasprinskii: paj huam thiab prose

I.Gasprinskiy paub tsis tau tsuas yog raws li ib tug pej xeem lub cev, tab sis kuj raws li ib tug txawj ntse txawj sau ntawv. Nws sau tau ib tug xov tooj ntawm zoo kawg li tej hauj lwm ntawm cov kos duab. Gasprinsky dab neeg thiab novels ( "Arslan kyz", "Molla Abbas", "Ib Puas Xyoo Tom qab ntawd") raug luam tawm nyob rau hauv cov ntawv xov xwm "Terdzhiman".

Thiab raws li ib tug kws sau paj lug paub I.Gasprinskiy. Nws kwv huam hais txog lub Crimea thiab Crimeans tam sim no lub npe hu rau ntau. Txawm li cas los poetic cuab yeej cuab tam ntawm no cov sau yog me me. Nws cov kwv huam (txog Crimea -. "Crimea", thiab lwm yam) yog tsis zoo li lub npe hu raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm nws cov pej xeem thiab kev sau ntawv ua si.