Hloov raws li ib tug zoo tshaj nyob rau hauv evolution

Hloov cov txheej txheem ntawm cov evolution yog ib tug ntawm cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws qhov chaw ntawm kev loj hlob. Nyob rau hauv feem ntau tus neeg mob, chiv nws muaj ib tug tsis zoo ntxim rau cov phenotype ntawm cov neeg. Txawm li cas los, raws li ib tug recessive hloov alleles yog tam sim no, feem ntau yog nyob rau hauv noob pas nyob rau hauv heterozygous genotypes ntawm qhov kev tsim nyog locus. Cia peb xav txog ntxiv lub luag hauj lwm ntawm lub hloov txheej txheem nyob rau hauv evolution.

Txheej txheem cej luam

Hloov - ib tug cia li hloov nyob rau hauv succession provoked ntse ua hauj lwm thiab cov yam ntxwv transformation ntawm kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic khoom. Xeem ib lub koom haum mus ua ib tug hierarchy ntawm ntau yam ntsiab los ntawm molecular chaw tam sim no nyob rau hauv lub noob mus rau lub chromosomes thiab genomes. Hloov - siab rau cov pejxeem tau. Vim hais tias nws mas nws txawv lub zaus ntawm ib tug allele txheeb ze mus rau lwm yam.

zoo ntxim

Vim muaj cov mutant alleles nyob rau hauv cov noob pas dej ua ke nyob rau hauv lub heterozygous genotype yog cais ncaj tsis zoo ntxim rau cov kev qhia txog lub phenotypic kev zoo losis phem uas yog tswj los ntawm cov noob.

Vim hybrid vigor (heterosis), ntau change nyob rau hauv lub heterozygous xeev nquag pab mus rau nqi ntawm tus kab mob.

Los ntawm khaws cia alleles, uas tsis muaj coj tus nqi nyob rau hauv lub tam sim no ib puag ncig ntawm lub hav zoov, tab sis yog tau mus yuav nws los yog nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, los yog txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lwm yam ecological niches, tsim ib tug cia ntawm variability.

Lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev hloov

Tseem ceeb yog vim hais tias ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm txawj hloov thiab ob peb ua ke ntawd tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub hla tshiab ob peb ua ke ntawm cov noob thiab transformation. Qhov no, nyob rau hauv lem, inevitably ua rau kev kho me ntsis nyob rau hauv lub koob yawm txwv pejxeem. мутационного процесса состоит в повышении генетической гетерогенности. Lub luag hauj lwm ntawm lub hloov txheej txheem yog ua kom kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic heterogeneity. Txawm li cas los, tsis muaj kev koom tes los ntawm lwm yam, nws tsis yog nyob rau hauv ib txoj hauj lwm los coj cov transformation ntawm lub ntuj pejxeem.

элементарного материала, резерва изменчивости. Hloov - ib qhov chaw ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas elemental cia variability. Cov tsos ntawm transformation muaj statistical thiab probabilistic xwm. Evolutionary tseem ceeb ntawm cov txheej txheem yog kom muaj lub siab heterogeneity ntawm tej yam ntuj tso coob, kev koom tes nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm ntau yam alleles thiab cov emergence ntawm tshiab noob. Hloov cov txheej txheem tsim rau tag nrho cov ntau yam ntawm variability ntawm ib tug noob pas dej ua ke. Thaum nws tas li txaus nws muaj uas tsis yog-directional thiab random xwm.

tseem

происходит на протяжении существования всей жизни. Hloov yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw rau lub caij ntawm lawv lub neej. Ib txhia transformations yuav tshwm sim ntau lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv txawv cov kab mob. Noob pas yog nyob rau hauv lub qhov yam ntxwv ntawm lub hloov txheej txheem. Qhov no yog offset los ntawm ib tug siab ntau yam ntawm tsis nyob rau hauv lub xov tooj ntawm chav tsev hloov ntawm tiam. оказывает относительно небольшое давление на отдельно взятый ген, при большом количестве последних генетическая структура подвергается существенным изменениям. Txawm hais tias kev hloov txheej txheem muaj ib tus me siab rau ib tug neeg noob nrog ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm tsis ntev los no kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic qauv undergoes loj hloov.

Lub mechanism thiab cov kev tshwm sim

Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm tas mus li hla muaj ntau ntau ob peb ua ke ntawm alleles. Combinatorial caj pheej tshuaj xyuas cov nqi ntawm change. Lawv txeem mus rau hauv tshiab genomes tshwm sim nyob rau hauv txawv genotypic tej kev kawm. Tej zaum tus naj npawb ntawm xws ob peb ua ke ntawm kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic khoom hauv tej pejxeem yog enormous. Txawm li cas los, nws pom tau hais xwb ib tug me me ib feem ntawm lub theoretically tej zaum tus naj npawb ntawm kev xaiv. Ua raws li cov shares yog txiav txim los ntawm lub cim ua ke nrog ntawm yuav luag txhua txhua tus neeg. Qhov no zoo tshaj yog tsis tshua muaj ib qho tseem ceeb rau qhov kev siv ntawm natural xaiv.

qhia nta

Change yog elemental khoom evolution. Muaj ob peb hom ntawm lawv: genomic, chromosomal, caj. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm ces change yuav tsum faib lawv expressiveness. Nws qhia cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm phenotypic heev. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lub change cov yam ntxwv ntawm penetrance. Nws yog ib lub zaus ntawm phenotypic ces nyob rau hauv ib tug allele ntawm ib tug noob nyob rau hauv ib tug pej xeem hais txog ntawm expressivity.

noob noob

Lawv sawv cev rau lub transformation nucleotide ib theem zuj zus. Hloov nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no hloov qhov xwm ntawm noob txiav txim. Feem ntau yog ib tug molecular transformation, ua phenotypic nyhuv. Piv txwv tias nyob rau hauv ib tug tej yam noob nyob rau hauv ib lub point cov lis dej num muaj TTC coding rau glutamic acid. Thaum hloov tsuas muaj ib zaug xwb nucleotide, nws yuav tig mus rau hauv ib tug codon GTT. Nws yuav tsis koom nrog nyob rau hauv lub synthesis ntawm glutamic acid thiab Glutamine. Cov tseem cia nrog thiab cov mutant protein molecules yog sib txawv, thiab tej zaum nws yuav ua rau theem nrab phenotypic sib txawv ntawm cov ua cim. Lub caij nyoog replication ntawm tus tshiab allele yuav tshwm sim kom txog rau thaum tej lub sij hawm raws li ib tug tshiab hloov yuav tsis tshwm sim. Thaum tshuaj ntsuam genetic change li muaj ib tug series los yog chav ntawm homologous ntsiab. Koj yuav tau ua qhov rov qab xaus. Lub xub ntiag ntawm allelic variability hauv ib lub noob txhais tau tias nws yog thaum lub sij hawm yog mutated.

ntxiv

Heterozygous diploid genotype, "nyob ntsiag to DNA" - txhua yam yog ib tug cuab rau change. Thaum lub degeneracy ntawm lub caj code, cov rarity ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm transformations tham txog reparations. Mutational dab yuav tsum tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub uas twb muaj lawm uas muaj sia nyob rau ntawm ib tug tej yam zaus. Nws yuav tsum yuav txaus ua ib tug kev hloov los ntawm cov uas cov pejxeem yuav tsum displayed rau ib theem tshiab. Change yog pom nyob rau hauv ntau yam ntau. Ib txhia ntawm lawv yuav tsum koom nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm txheej txheem ntawm txoj kev loj hlob uas muaj sia nyob, nrog rau cov tsim ntawm tshiab taxa. Change yuav tshwm sim tsis muaj ib txoj kev hloov, discretely thiab dheev. qhov kev hloov no yuav tsum ib zaug ruaj khov. Nws yog kis tau mus rau xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv. Change tshwm sim tsis directionally. Cov tib hloov yuav tau rov qab ob peb zaug.

Cov coj tus nqi

Feem ntau ntawm cov tshiab mutants txawv ho qis nqi tshaj cov tsiaj qus / txwm hom. Yog li ntawd nws yog qhia rau cov zaubmov, los ntawm kev hloov maj mam los subvitalnogo ib nrab-tuag thiab tuag mob. Nyob rau hauv lub tsom xam ntawm lub nqi ntawm cov yoov Drosophila mutants tshwm ntawm kev hloov nyob rau hauv lub X chromosome, 90% ntawm cov neeg nws yog qis dua li ib txwm. Nyob rau hauv 10% ntawm cov cai supervitalnoe lub xeev - nce kev loj hlob. Nyob rau hauv dav dav, lub adaptive nqi ntawm cov mutants nyob, feem ntau yog txo. Nws yog tsiag ntawv los ntawm kev haumxeeb nqi hluav taws xob ntawm morphological nta thiab fertility, physiological nqi.