Cov riam ntawm volcanic iav. obsidian riam

Txij ancient sij hawm, noob neej tau nrhiav los pab txhawb lawv ua hauj lwm los ntawm ib tug ntau yam ntawm pab kiag li lawm. Ib qho ntawm thawj cov cuab yeej yog riam. Raws li ntev raws li cov neeg tsis paub txog cov hlau cov ntaub ntawv uas rau nws tau siv thiab tau lub pob zeb thiab obsidian. Cov riam ntawm volcanic iav lug siv rau ritual thiab domestic siv cov tswv yim qub pab pawg neeg. Nws yog tsis yog ib tug pab lub cuab tam thiab ib tug zoo riam phom, tab sis kuj pom cov xwm txheej ntawm cov txiv neej, piv txwv txog nws lub siab tawv thiab muaj dag muaj zog.

obsidian

Ntuj volcanic iav, uas yog tsim los ntawm ib tug heev sai txias ntawm lava, hu ua obsidian. Muaj yog ib tug dab neeg uas qhia txog ib tug txawv txawv pob zeb uas xub tuaj rau teb chaws Europe ua tsaug rau Roman Obsidia, chaw pib lub npe.

Raws li lwm version, lub npe ntawm lub pob zeb los ntawm cov Greek lo lus "obsis", uas yog ib tug spectacle. Nws yog lub npe hu tias dub obsidian kev qhia daim iav.

lub zog

Nyob rau hauv piav txog lub cev thaj chaw ntawm volcanic iav nco ntsoov cov nram no yam ntxwv:

• tsiaj muaj ib tug loj heev qauv, glasswool siab nrog tsawg microphenocrysts;
• xim thiab txawv nyob ntawm lub pob zeb microinclusions magnetite daj ntseg feldspars, hlau oxides, thiab lwm yam.;
• transparency nyob rau hauv lub inclusions, nws degree mas nws txawv ntawm opaque rau pob tshab (los yog translucent);
• nce mus nce los muaj pes tsawg leeg (ntau rhyolite rau basalt iav): Silicon dioxide - 75%, cov dej - tsawg tshaj li 1%;
• ntaug gloss, iav;
• ostrogranny kink, loj conchoidal;
• tsis muaj cleavage;
• taus;
• amorphous.

hom ntawm obsidian

Nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm obsidian muab faib ua tsib lub ntsiab hom:

• rhyolite - nws cov qauv tsa granite;
• gabbro - muaj inclusions nrog ib tug grain pyroxene;
• porphyry - liab ntau yam ntawm andesite;
• diorite - yog raws li nyob rau hauv muaju ntawm Feldspar, tsa granite;
• fuck - vitreous flaky ntau yam.

Muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm ceev ceev lava thiab volcanic iav tsim tej yam kev mob cuam tshuam cov xim ntawm cov khoom:

• Snow. Ib tug ntawm cov zoo nkauj tshaj plaws hom. Thaum lub general dub los yog tsaus-xim av tom qab yog pom me ntsis qhov muag plooj dawb me ntsis li snowflakes.
• Zaj sawv. Nws yuav pom meej meej distinguishable khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg ntawm cov kob xiav, liab, ntsuab ntxoov. Lub succession ntawm cov xim yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog zoo nkauj ntawm cov kev txiav. Nws tseem hu ua ib tug yaj yuam tus tw los yog lub ib tag hmo lace.
• Dub. Trade lub npe nyob rau hauv lub US - ib lub roob los yog dub dav hlau Nevada pob zeb diamond. Nws muaj ib tug sib sib zog nqus ntshiab xim dub.
• Apache kua muag. Hom dub obsidian - sib npaug xaiv.
• Xim dub thiab liab. Yus muaj los ntawm alternating liab thiab dub xim. Qhov thib ob lub npe ntawm tus banded hom - roob mahogany.
• Iridescent. Obsidian, crowded nrog me quav roj thiab kua splashes, muab ib tug Golden los yog nyiaj cov nyhuv. Tej zaum kuj muaj yog ib tug yeeb yuj kev xaiv: xiav-xiav, liab, ntsuab, los yog zaj sawv.

Ib tug ntawm cov zoo nkauj tshaj plaws ntawm ntau yam pearl ntxoov ntxoo twb tshwm sim nyob Armenia. Cov uas tsis tshua muaj hom xws li Montana ntsuab jade, obsidian, aquamarine pob tshab greenish thiab tsaus liab doog Stromboli.

deposit

Cov mineral yog pom nyob rau hauv yuav luag tag nrho cov thoob lub ntiaj teb. Tej deposits yog nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws USA Mexico, Russia, Hungary, Slovakia, Ltalis, Iceland, Scotland, Ethiopia, Nicaragua, Georgia, Armenia, thiab Ukraine.

ancient riam

Riam los ntawm lub tshuab raj thiab volcanic iav yog ib tug cult kwv, thiab siv nyob rau hauv lub ritual ntawm tib neeg txi ntawm cov Aztecs. Nws yog ib tug ca, muab ob npaug rau-edged, muaj nplooj zoo li tus. Phau ntawv ua ntawm sab laug nws sis tsis ncaj, tab sis nws tsis txo nws lub zog tau yooj yim thiab ntseeg nkaws txiav lub cev nqaij daim tawv.

Qhov ntev ntawm lub caj npab mus txog 30 cm thiab dav -. 6 cm kov, feem ntau yog ua los ntawm pob zeb. Tej zaum siv cov khoom ntoo, horn los yog tsiaj cov pob txha. Crepe hniav nrog ib tug qhia tshwj xeeb uas brewed lo ntawm cov teev thiab cov pob txha los yog los ntawm lub tendons ntawm cov tsiaj, nroj tsuag tua. Muaj tendons reflow technology.

Pob zeb khoom

Zaum, archaeologists ntseeg tau hais tias kev siv ntawm obsidian pib txog yim txhiab xyoo dhau los, thiab twb tshwm sim los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas cov khoom:

• check;
• zoo nws phua rau hauv khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg;
• ntaub ntawv cleaved ntawm mob slices.

Nws yog dav siv rau qhov siv thiab ua ib tug ntau yam ntawm tej thiab tho cov cuab yeej: axes, cov riam, cov scrapers, arrowheads, hmuv rau cov tibneeg thiab hais txog. Hlau hloov lub obsidian, tab sis tsis nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov haiv neeg. Khab ntawm South America paub lub ore ua lag ua luam, lawv tau rau centuries siv riam ntawm volcanic iav. Yog tsis muaj nws, peb tsis tau ua li cov kab ke ntawm kev txi thiab embalming. Raws li cov heev ntawm xws riam phom nyob deb superior rau hlau analogues.

riam pab mus rau kis ntawm cov lag luam tawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm ob lub teb chaws. Tub txawj tub ntse thauj luxurious, richly decorated khoom thoob ntiaj teb. Nws yog prestigious kom muaj ib tug ua hauj lwm ntawm cov kos duab, nws hais txog lub txheej xwm thiab wealth ntawm tsev neeg.

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau lub cuab yeej ua los ntawm obsidian hniav nyiaj hniav kub, iav, tsev neeg cov khoom.

riam

Kom txog rau thaum tam sim no, lub obsidian riam pom nws connoisseur. Niaj hnub nimno technology muaj ib tug kiag li cim nyob rau hauv zoo cov ntaub ntawv rau ua tsev neeg tais diav, nrog rau txiav cov cuab yeej. Tab sis tej yam ntuj tso iav unsurpassed kev zoo nkauj.

Cov riam ntawm volcanic iav yog ua nyob rau hauv kev ua raws cai nrog ancient hom kev kawm. Siv cov kev tsim nyog cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov cuab yeej. Tag nrho cov niaj hnub riam raug muab faib ua peb pawg:

1. Tus thawj yog cov souvenirs. Txawm tias tej khoom nws yog ua tau rau koj siv. Lawv yog cov zoo siab mus yuav fishermen thiab zoov. Thaum sub-zero kub ntub iav pib kom khov rau tus hlau hniav. Cov riam ntawm volcanic iav tsis muaj no drawback, Ntxiv, nws yog zoo txiav, tsis blunts thiab lov xwb nyob rau hauv cov kev tshwm sim ntawm ib tug rhuav tshem. Lwm ntxiv yog hais tias nws yog tus pheej yig riam. Souvenirs nqi yog hom twg los ntawm 20 mus rau 100 US dollars
2. Qhov thib ob pab pawg neeg no muaj xws li riam ua raws li hniav nyiaj hniav kub. Ancient technology yog tsis ib txwm tsim, li ntawd nws yog feem ntau txhim kho. Lub qhov ntev ntawm lub nplooj pu yog nyob ntawm seb xav li cas ntawm cov neeg muas zaub. Decorated kov li Artsy uas siv tej khoom no yog tsuas tsis yooj yim sua. Zus tau tej cov xaiv lub pob zeb nrog rau ntau yam thaj ua rau thaj - nws pab cov tsos ntawm riam phom, tab sis thiaj li zoo ntawm cov hniav. Yuav ua li cas npaum li cas yog cov riam ntawm volcanic iav, thiab txiav txim seb tus tswv. Nws tag nrho cov nyob rau hauv lub complexity ntawm ntau lawm thiab tus nqi ntawm dai kom paub meej.
3. Qhov thib peb pab pawg neeg no muaj xws li cov khoom tsim los ntawm niaj hnub siv tshuab. Khob Polishing deprives ntsuas cov yam ntxwv nti, cov hniav narrows, vim uas qhov zoo tshaj ntawm tuaj txom nyem. Kov nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug qauv yog ntau yooj yim thiab tswv yim tshaj lub jewellery counterparts, tab sis vim hais tias ntawm lub fragility ntawm cov hniav yog ntau tshaj ib tug souvenir tshaj ib lub cuab tam.

niaj hnub pab

Niaj hnub nimno kho mob paub tso cai cov neeg phais nqa tawm ib tug heev me phais (yas phais, Ophthalmology). Nanotechnologies tsum tau siv cov heev nyias tuaj. Rau hnub tim, rau cov hom phiaj yog lug siv riam ntawm volcanic iav. Tus nqi ntawm cov thawj riam phais neeg yog hom twg los ntawm $ 60-100. Nws nyob ntawm tus subtleties ntawm tus hniav. Lub ntsis ntawm cov hniav, los yog es, nws tej ntug yuav ua tau raws li nyias raws li 0,02 micron. Nyias txiav nruj sai sai.

Ntawm cov hoob kawm, niaj hnub technologies cia tsim ua ntau hloov maj mam tej cuab yeej. Pob Zeb Diamond scalpels muaj ib tug tuab ntawm 0,003 micron, lawv muaj ntau check thiab muaj zog tshaj obsidian. Tab sis lub siab nqi nyob rau hauv ib los yog ntau txhiab daus las tsis txhob ua rau kom lawv dav tis.

Yuav kom tsim xws li ib tug riam phais neeg kov nqa hardwood ntoo feem ntau yog maple. Nrog epoxy hniav txuas thereto. Qhov no raug cov txheej txheem tso cai rau las lub twj paj nruag rau thaum tshav kub kub kev kho mob nyob rau hauv ib tug autoclave, tsis muaj kev puas tsuaj.

Ib tug riam phais neeg yuav mas mus txog 20 kev khiav haujlwm. Lub drawback yog lub fragility ntawm cov hniav - nrog sab siab nws lov. Lwm yam: tsis muaj ob tug zoo tib seev. Los ntawm txhais tes lawm tsis pub ua raws nraim tib yam loj thiab zoo ntawm tus hniav.

Nws xav xws ib lub cuab tam, thiab nyob rau hauv ua noj ua haus. Niaj hnub no, cov tse nyob rau hauv lub ob txhais tes ntawm tsis tsuas yog hlau riam. Thoob plaws tais diav ntim chaws. Riam (Suav, German, Japanese) pov thawj rau lawv tus kheej yuav tsum tau ib tug txhim khu kev qha kev cuab tam. Raws li nws lub cev zoo lawv li lub obsidian tuaj.

raug technology

Riam Siv los ntawm volcanic iav yog nqa tawm nyob rau hauv peb theem:

1. Ua preform drummer. Lub workpiece nws tus kheej yuav tsum yog ob zaug hais tias ntawm lub kawg lub cuab tam. Muaj zog thiab leej tshuab ntawm 90 ^phua cov khoom thiaj li mus ua ib tug ca saum npoo. Lub ntug yog ntse, nws muaj peev xwm txiav.
2. Kom cov hniav ntawm ib co daim ntawv spall xav tau ib tug me ntsis kho. No nyuaj heev pob txha los yog ntoo yuav tsum yog "podstrugat" hniav. Qhov no ua hauj lwm yuav tsum tau ua siab ntev, lub sij hawm thiab cov neeg.
3. Lapping tuaj spinning txoj kev. Nyob rau hauv lub "thaiv" kis cortex (los yog lwm yam cushioning khoom), nws yog muab tso rau ib tug sharpened riam thiab stick los yog pob txha chips meej zoo plaub ya ri (nrog nws qab sab). Yog li impart ib tug ca zoo thiab muab nws cov hniav sharpness.

Cov kov yog ua los ntawm horn los yog ntoo. Cov hniav yog mounted rau cov kua nplaum, koj muaj peev xwm kho tau nws nrog kev pab los ntawm tendons los yog nyias straps. Xws li ib tug lub cuab tam yuav siv tau los txiav txoj hlua, los yog tshem tawm ntawm daim tawv nqaij ua si.

Master thiab nws riam

Jeff Hall (Dzheff Holl) - ib qho ntawm feem nto moo masters, uas raws li ib tug cov ntaub ntawv uas rau qhov siv thiab ua ib rab riam siv volcanic iav. Nws muaj sia nyob thiab ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws United States (Washington). Ntawm no yog yuav ua li cas piav qhia txog cov wizard:

• Cov hniav muaj ib tug maj mam translucent grey. Cov kov yog ua los ntawm horn American antelope zaj zoo li tus rau tes. Length - 20 cm.
• Hniav xaiv obsidian nrog pa taws, dub thiab liab leeg. Thaum ib tug lub qhov hniav acquires ib tug Golden sheen. Cov kov yog ua piv rau tus thawj qauv. Length - 17,8 cm.
• Hniav ua los ntawm dub volcanic iav (mined nyob rau hauv sab qaum teb California). Qhia tshwj xeeb uas ua thiab polished kov ua los ntawm cactus Jeolla. Length - 16,5sm.

Kiag li tag nrho cov khoom Hall muab daim ntawv pov ntawm authenticity.

Yog lwm es nrov obsidian riam hu ua "lub plawv ntawm Pele." Qhov no yog ib cov qauv ntawm cov tsoos ritual ntawm riam phom ntawm hauv paus txawm Khab ntawm South America.

Ob sab sib dho voos hniav nrog ib tug ntse kawg yog txuas mus rau ib tug elegant nkhaus kov ua los ntawm cov ntoo. Hniav ua los ntawm pob tshab obsidian reddish dub linear impregnations. Length - 22.5 cm, dav - 3 cm; hnyav - 80 grams. Ib tug zoo piv txwv ntawm ib phau ntawv lag luam yuav siv tau raws li ib tug ritual kwv, thiab raws li ib tug décor caij.

Suav riam ntawm volcanic iav nyob rau hauv ib tug loj npaum li cas muaj raws li souvenirs. Lawv yog cov tsis raws li refined raws li kev cai-ua cov ntawv luam ntawm cov masters, tab sis, cuaj kaum, yuav ua tau ib tug zoo khoom plig rau ib tug txiv neej.

zoo

Hniav obsidian twb zoo tej zog tshaj hlau. Nws tsis yuav tsum tau tej kev pab tshwj xeeb. Nws tsis keej, tsis raug rau degradation nyob rau hauv qhov kev pab. Nws tsis tarnish los yog poob qhov ntuj xim thiab finish.

Ntxiv tswv yim lub hom phiaj, xws li ib tug riam yuav pab raws li ib qho zoo heev cov khoom plig, kho kom zoo nkauj lub caij, siv raws li ib tug ritual kwv.

shortcomings

Tag nrho cov khoom ntawm volcanic iav yog heev yooj yim. Muaj kev cuam tshuam los yog sab siab yuav ua kev puas tsuaj rau cov hniav. Cov hniav yuav tsis raug hypothermia los yog thaum tshav kub kub. Tab sis nrog ceev faj tuav riam yuav pab rau ntau xyoo tsis tau poob lub peev xwm mus txig txiav.