Cov muag khoom daim ntawv cog lus: nta thiab kos npe rau cov kev cai

Cov muag khoom daim ntawv cog lus - pom zoo raws li ib tug ntawm cov feem ntau ancient ntaub ntawv ntawm cov contractual kev sib raug zoo, uas sawv txog 4,000 xyoo dhau los. Qhov tseeb yog tsis tsimnyog, vim hais tias ib tug kev sib raug zoo ua nyob rau hauv nrhiav tau ntawm cov khoom, muaj yuav luag li npaum li cas ib tug txiv neej muaj kev nkag siab. Lub essence ntawm no daim ntawv cog lus yog cuab kev - lub hloov lwm lub tsev ntawm cov vaj tse los ntawm ib tug tswv tsev mus rau lwm lub rau ib tug nqi.

Nqe 1 ntawm tsab xov xwm 454 ntawm lub Civil Code sij lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm qhov muag daim ntawv cog lus. Nws yog hais tias tus thawj sab ntawm daim ntawv cog lus undertakes rau muab rau lwm tog ntawm ib yam khoom, thiab lub thib ob tog yog yuam ua hauj lwm kom yuav tsum ua thiab them rau nws. Yog li lub Civil Code yam raug cai tsau essence ntawm lub muag txheej txheem, uas yog, cov kev hloov ntawm cov tswv cuab (tiag tiag txoj cai) nyob rau ib pluag hauv paus mus rau lub tom ntej no tus tswv.

Los ntawm lub caij thaum nws ob sab mus txog ib qho kev pom zoo rau nws cov ntsiab lus, daim ntawv cog lus ntawm kev muag khoom yog pom tau hais tias nyob rau hauv dag zog yuam, thiab kaw nws tshwm sim nyob rau lub sij hawm ntawd thaum cov khoom no yog pauv mus rau lub buyer. Txawm li cas los, feem ntau muaj tej lub sij hawm thaum no ob txheej xwm coincide. Nws yog, piv txwv li, lub khw muag khoom ua lag luam, uas kuj tshwm sim ntawm lub tswvyim ntawm daim ntawv cog lus ntawm kev muag khoom, tiam sis, rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm nws heev peculiar: nws yog ntseeg hais tias lub caij thaum cov khoom uas muab tso rau ntawm lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev muag khoom (nyob rau hauv lub khw qhov rais los yog counter) los yog thaum lub dealer qhia tau hais tias qhov zoo tshaj ntawm cov khoom muag, ib tug pej xeem kev. Thiab nyob rau lub caij thaum cov buyer yog muab ib daim tshev (raws li ib tug lwm txoj - lwm yam ntawv pov thawj ntawm kev them nyiaj), daim ntawv cog lus yog xaus lus.

Rau qhov ua kom tiav ntawm nws khi nyob rau hauv daim ntawv cog lus, cov neeg muag khoom yeej ib txwm tau txais ib tug nqi zog, tab sis vim hais tias cov kev muag khoom daim ntawv cog lus yog compensated. Nws kuj yog ib tug ob-txoj kev, vim hais tias txhua tog yuav tsum ua tim khawv tseeb cov luag num nyob rau hauv dej siab ntawm tus lwm sab mus rau kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov uas nws lees lwm debtor. Cov luag num ntawm ob tog yog sib npaug thiab tseem ceeb: cov neeg muag khoom yuav tsum mus rau cov hloov rau cov khoom thiab cov buyer yog yuam ua hauj lwm kom them rau nws. Cov kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov neeg muag khoom thiab lub buyer tso cai rau peb kom peb hu rau daim ntawv cog lus synallagmatic (los ntawm Greek lo lus "kev sib raug zoo"). Qhov no txhais tau tias lub buyer ntawm xws li ib tug treaty yog ib txwm ib tug counter-kev lav ris kom them rau muas cov khoom (tshwj tsis yog rau kev sib cog lus nrog ib tug ua ntej). Raws li tau teev nyob rau hauv Claim 1 st. 328 ntawm lub Civil Code lub buyer muaj kev txaus siab rau nws cov luag num hais txog rau cov nyiaj them tsuas yog tom qab lub neeg muag khoom twb ua raws li nws. Yog hais tias cov neeg muag khoom tsis xa cov khoom, lub buyer tsis yog yuam ua hauj lwm kom them. Raws li, nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm pre-them counter khi yuam rau tus neeg muag khoom - nws muaj cai mus rau cov hloov rau cov khoom tsuas yog tom qab them nyiaj ntawm lub chaw ua hauj lwm.

Yog hais tias cov neeg muag khoom thiab lub buyer yuav tsis tau txais vaj txiaj ntsim nrog reciprocal cov luag num, daim ntawv cog lus lawv ntxiv txoj cai sib tshooj. Piv txwv li: ib daim ntawv cog ntawm kev muag khoom nyob rau hauv lub phuv npaj assumes uas los ntawm lub caij thaum cov khoom tseem tau pauv mus rau lub buyer kom txog thaum zaum kawg them nqi kawm ntawm cov kev sib pauv yog qhaib rau cov neeg muag khoom los ntawm cov buyer raws li kev ruaj ntseg rau kev them nqi ntawm nws cov luag num.

Yog hais tias lub buyer nyob rau hauv lub tshuaj lub sij hawm tsis ua kev them nyiaj, cov neeg muag khoom muaj cai thov kom tsis tsuas cov kev them nyiaj rau cov khoom (los yog rov qab), tab sis kuj cov nyiaj them ntawm kev txaus siab rau tus nqi stitched. Yog hais tias peb yuav sib tham txog kev them nqi nyob rau hauv ua ntej, thiab tsis ua li nws khi cov neeg muag khoom, cov buyer yuav thov kom muaj ib cov nyiaj ua se ntawm cov nyiaj them rau nws los yog cov kev hloov ntawm cov khoom. Ib tug neeg muag khoom yuav tau yuam ua hauj lwm kom them paj laum rau lub sij hawm ntawm kev ncua.

Khoom muag los ntawm xws li ib daim ntawv cog lus, tej khoom muaj peev xwm ua, xws li cuab yeej thiab tiag. Txawm li cas los, qhov muag ntawm ib co cov khoom pab pawg yuav tswj tsis tau tsuas yog CC, tab sis kuj lwm yam kev cai.

Tsis muaj teeb meem dab tsi cov khoom yog muag, qhov muag daim ntawv cog lus muaj xws li ib tug xov tooj ntawm yooj yim tej yam kev mob: khoom ntawv, kev txiav txim thiab lub sij hawm poob ntawm nws kis tau tus mob, raws li tau zoo raws li cov lus qhia nyob rau hauv tus nqi thiab yam ntawm kev them nyiaj.